Te Mahi a ngā Pūhiko Waka Hiko
He wāhanga nui ngā pākahiko waka hiko e āhei ai ngā waka ki te whakahaere i te hiko. I tēnei ao hou, kua noho ngā waka hiko hei otinga nui hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā wahie pūmua me te whakaiti i ngā pānga ki te taiao. Heoi, kei muri i te whai wāhitanga me ngā āhuatanga matatau e tukuna ana e ngā waka hiko, kei reira te hangarau matatini me te matatau i roto i te pūnaha pākahiko. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a ngā pākahiko waka hiko, mai i tōna hanganga taketake ki ōna tikanga rokiroki me te tuku pūngao.
1. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūhiko Waka Hiko
a. Pūtau Pūhiko
Ko te pūtau te wāhanga taketake o te pākahiko. Ko te nuinga o ngā waka hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion (Li-ion). E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ia pūtau pākahiko: he anode, he cathode, me te electrolyte. Ko te anode he mea hanga i te graphite, ko te cathode he mea hanga i te waikura whakarewa, ā, ko te electrolyte he otinga e taea ai e ngā ion te neke i waenga i te anode me te cathode.
b. Pūhiko Pūhiko
He maha ngā pūtau pākahiko e honoa ana i roto i te raupapa, i te whakarara rānei, hei hanga i tētahi waeine. Kātahi ka taea te whakarite i ēnei waeine ki ngā momo whirihoranga hei whakaputa i te ngaohiko me te kaha e hiahiatia ana.
c. Pūhiko
He kohinga o ētahi waeine pākahiko te kete pākahiko. Kei roto i tēnei kete ngā wāhanga tautoko maha pērā i te pūnaha whakamatao, te pūnaha whakahaere pākahiko (BMS), me ngā pūoko aroturuki.
2. Te Mahi a ngā Pūhiko Waka Hiko
a. Te Rokiroki Pūngao
Ina utua he pākahiko, ka rere te hiko mai i tētahi pūtake hiko o waho (pērā i te teihana utu) ki te pākahiko. Mā tēnei tukanga ka puta he tauhohenga matū i roto i te pūtau pākahiko, ka neke ngā iona lithium mai i te cathode ki te anode mā te electrolyte. Ka rere ngā irahiko e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei tauhohenga mā roto i tētahi ara iahiko o waho, ka whakaputa i tētahi iahiko hiko e utu ana i te anode.
b. Whakapaunga Pūngao
Ina whakamahia te motuka, ka tukuna te pūngao e te pākahiko. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka hoki ngā iona lithium mai i te anode ki te cathode, i te wā e rere ana ngā irahiko kua tukuna mā roto i tētahi ara iahiko o waho, ka whakakaha i te motuka hiko e taraiwa ana i te waka. Koinei te tukanga whakamuri o te utu, engari ka whakamahia te pūngao kua rongoatia hei mahi i te mahi.
3. Pūnaha Whakahaere Battery (BMS)
Ko te Pūnaha Whakahaere Pūhiko te roro o te kete pākahiko. Ka aroturukihia, ka whakahaeretia hoki e te BMS te pākahiko kia mōhio ai kei te mahi i ngā āhuatanga tino pai. Ko ētahi o ngā mahi matua o te BMS ko:
– Te Aroturukitanga o te Ngaohiko me te Iahiko: Ka ine te BMS i te ngaohiko me te iahiko i ia pūtau me ia kōwae kia kore ai tetahi e mahi ana i waho o ngā rohe haumaru.
– Te Whakahaere Pāmahana: Ka whakahaere te BMS i te pūnaha whakamatao kia mau tonu te pāmahana o te pākahiko i roto i te awhe e whakaaetia ana. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea ka taea e ngā pāmahana tino kino te kino i ngā pūtau pākahiko.
– Te Taurite Pūtau: I te wā e utu ana, e whakawātea ana rānei i te pākahiko, ka kore pea ngā pūtau e taurite. Mā te BMS ka tata ōrite te taumata utu o ia pūtau hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te roa o te pākahiko.
– Haumaru: Kei te BMS ngā āhuatanga haumaru pēnei i te tapahi i te au i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē pēnei i te nui rawa o te au, te pāmahana teitei rānei.
4. Te Whakautu Pūhiko
a. Te Whakautu Tere me te Whakautu Puhoi
E rua ngā momo matua o te utu pākahiko, arā, ko te utu tere (utu tere DC) me te utu puhoi (utu AC).
– Te Utu Tere: Ka whakamahi i te au hiko tika (DC) ā, ka taea te utu i te pākahiko i roto i te wā poto noa iho, i ētahi wā i roto noa i ngā meneti hei utu i te 80% o te kaha.
– Te Utu Puhoi: Ka whakamahia te aukume whakawhiti (AC) ā, he roa ake te wā, mai i ētahi hāora ki te pō kotahi. He haumaru ake tēnei utunga, ā, ka mau tonu te ora o te pākahiko.
b. Hanganga Utu
He mea nui te hanganga utu hiko i roto i te whānui o te whakamahinga o ngā waka hiko. Kei ngā wāhi maha ngā teihana utu hiko, tae atu ki ngā kāinga, ngā tari, me ngā whare tūmatanui. Kei te whakawhanake tonu ngā kāwanatanga me ngā kamupene tūmataiti i ngā whatunga utu hei tautoko i te tipu o ngā waka hiko.
5. Hangarau o te Ao Āpōpō
Kei te tere te whanaketanga o te rāngai pākahiko waka hiko, me te arotahi ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te kaha, me te haumaru. Ko ētahi o ngā hangarau kei te whanakehia i tēnei wā ko:
– Ngā Pūhiko Āhua-Toka: Ka whakakapia e ēnei pūhiko ngā irahiko wai ki ngā rauemi totoka, ka taea ai e ēnei te whakanui ake i te kiato pūngao me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te ahi.
– Ngā Pūhiko me ngā Iona Rerekē: Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau hei whakakapi i ngā iona lithium ki ētahi atu iona pēnei i te konutai, he nui ake, he iti ake hoki te utu.
– Hangarau Pūngao Tino Kaha: Ka taea e ngā pūngao tino kaha te penapena me te tuku i te pūngao i roto i te wā poto rawa, ka taea ai te utu tere rawa.
6. Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga
a. Ngā Rauemi Iti
Ko te hiko e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga pākahiko lithium-ion i tēnei wā e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā rauemi pēnei i te lithium, te cobalt, me te nickel, he iti nei te rahinga. Kei te haere tonu te rangahau me te whanaketanga hei kimi i ngā rauemi rerekē e nui ake ana, e pai ana hoki ki te taiao.
b. Te Hangarua me te Whakahaere Para
Kia mutu te roa o te wā e whakamahia ana ngā pākahiko, me hangarua tika kia kore ai e pā kino ki te taiao. Kua tīmata ngā kamupene pēnei i a Tesla me Nissan ki te haumi ki ngā whare hangarua pākahiko.
c. Te Ora o te Pūhiko me te Whakahekenga
Ka pirau ngā pākahiko i te roanga o te wā me te whakamahinga. Kei te whakawhanakehia ngā hangarau aroturuki matatau me ngā rauropi utu atamai hei whakaroa i te pirau me te roa o te ora o te pākahiko.
7. Ngā Pānga me ngā Painga ki te Taiao
a. Te Whakaiti i ngā Tukunga
Kāore ngā waka hiko e whakaputa tukunga hau i te wā e whakamahia ana, ā, ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakaiti i te parahanga o te hau me te huringa āhuarangi.
b. Pūngao Whakahou
Ina honoa ngā waka hiko ki ngā pūngao hou pērā i te hiko o te rā me te hau, ka tukuna he otinga pumau mō te kawe waka.
c. Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
He pai ake te huringa pūngao o ngā miihini hiko i ngā miihini tahunga ā-roto. E 10-20% noa iho o te pūngao ka ngaro i roto i te motuka hiko, ki te whakaritea ki te 70% i roto i te motuka noa.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā pākahiko te ngākau o ngā waka hiko, e penapena ana, e tuku ana hoki i te pūngao mō te taraiwa. Mā te mārama ki tā rātou mahi, ka taea e tātou te maioha ki ngā hangarau matatau kei muri i te whai huatanga o ngā waka hiko. He mārama te heke mai o ngā pākahiko waka hiko, me ngā auahatanga kua rite ki te whakapai ake i tā rātou mahi, te whai huatanga, me te pumau. He taahiraa nui tēnei ki tētahi ao matomato ake, pumau ake hoki.
