The Concept of Time in the Theory of Relativity and Astronomy
Ko te Wā, he āhuatanga e kore e kitea, e maha ngā āhuatanga, kua pōhēhē, kua miharo hoki ngā kaipūtaiao, ngā tohunga whakaaro, me ngā kaipūtaiao mō ngā rautau. Ka nui ake te rerekētanga o tōna āhua pōhēhē ina tirohia mā te tirohanga o te Ariā o te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Tātai whetū. Nā Albert Einstein i huri tō tātou māramatanga ki te wā me āna ariā o te whakawhanaungatanga, i whakarerekē i tō tātou tirohanga mai i te rere tuturu, kore e rerekē ki tētahi mea hihiri, ā, he whanaunga ake. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā o te wā i roto i ēnei ao e rua, me te whakaatu i ōna pānga me tōna hiranga.
The Relativity of Time: Special and General Theories
I roto i ngā mahi a Einstein e rua ngā ariā matua: te Whakawhanaungatanga Motuhake me te Whakawhanaungatanga Whānui. Nā ēnei ariā e rua i whakarerekē nui tō tātou ariā mō te wā me te wāhi.
Special Relativity
I te tau 1905, i whakaputa a Einstein i tana Ariā Motuhake mō te Whakawhanaungatanga, i whakauru mai i te ariā ehara te wā i te mea pumau, i te mea tino pūmau, engari he taurangi ka taea te huri i runga i te tere me te tūranga o te kaimātakitaki. E ai ki te Whakawhanaungatanga Motuhake, e hono ana te hanganga o te wāhi me te wā, ka hanga he ahunga whā-ahu e mōhiotia ana ko te wā-wāhi.
Ko tētahi o ngā hua rongonui o te Whakawhanaungatanga Motuhake ko te whakawhānui i te wā, e kī ana ka taea e te wā te whakaroa i te nekehanga mō tētahi mea e neke ana i te taha o tētahi kaimātakitaki tūmau. Kei roto i ngā whārite whakawhiti Lorentz tēnei. Hei tauira, ko ngā kairangi rererangi e tere ana i ngā tere e tata ana ki te tere o te mārama ka puhoi ake te koroheketanga ki te whakataurite ki ngā tāngata o te Ao. Kua whakamanahia tēnei āhuatanga mā te whakamātautau, pērā i ngā whakamātautau pirau muon me ngā karaka atomika tino tika i runga i ngā waka rererangi tere.
General Relativity
I te tau 1915, i whakawhānui ake a Einstein i ēnei ariā me tana Ariā Whānui o te Whakawhanaungatanga. Nā tēnei ariā i huri anō tō tātou māramatanga mā te whakaahua i te kaha ā-papa, ehara i te mea he kaha engari he piko o te wā-ā-wāhi i puta mai i te papatipu me te pūngao. E ai ki te Whakawhanaungatanga Whānui, ka whakapōturitia e ngā mea nunui pērā i ngā whetū me ngā aorangi te wā-ā-wāhi e karapoti ana i a rātou, he rite tonu ki te totoro a te pōro taumaha i te pepa rapa.
E matapaetia ana e te Whānuitanga Whānui ka puhoi ake te oma o te wā i roto i ngā āpure kaha ake, he ariā e mōhiotia ana ko te whakawhānui i te wā āpure. He pānga mahi tēnei; hei tauira, me whakaaro te Pūnaha Tūnga Ao (GPS) ki te rerekētanga o te wā e pāngia ana e ngā amiorangi i te porowhita ki ngā kaiwhiwhi i runga i te Ao nā ō rātou tere me te ngoikore o te āpure āpure i ngā teitei porowhita.
Time in Astronomy: Measuring and Conceptualizing the Cosmos
I roto i te ao whetū, he mea nui te ariā o te wā ki te āhua o tā tātou tirotiro me te mārama ki te ao tūroa. Nā te tawhiti nui i waenga i ngā mea o te rangi, kua haere te mārama e kitea ana e tātou mai i ngā whetū, ngā tupuni, me ētahi atu āhuatanga mō ngā miriona, tae atu ki ngā piriona tau ki te tae mai ki a tātou, e whakarato ana i te "tiro whakamuri" ki te ao tūroa o mua.
Light-Year and Cosmic Distances
Ko tētahi o ngā ine matua o te ao whetū ko te tau-mārama, te tawhiti e haerea ana e te mārama i roto i te tau kotahi, tata ki te 9.46 trillion kiromita (5.88 trillion maero). Mā te whakamahi i ngā tau-mārama, ka taea e ngā kaimātai whetū te whakatau i te pakeke o te mārama mai i ngā mea tawhiti, ā, nō reira, te roa o te wā e mātakitakihia ana e tātou.
Hei tauira, i te kitenga atu i te māramatanga mai i te tupuni Andromeda, i te 2.537 miriona tau-mārama te tawhiti, i te tirohanga atu mātou ki te tupuni i tōna āhua i neke atu i te 2.5 miriona tau ki muri. He mea nui tēnei ariā i roto i te ao tūroa, e āhei ai ngā kaipūtaiao ki te hanga i tētahi rārangi wā mō te hītori me te whanaketanga o te ao tūroa.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
He mea nui anō hoki te ariā o te wā ina akohia te irahiko Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), te irahiko toenga mai i te Big Bang. I kitea i te tau 1965, ka whakaratohia e te CMB he tirohanga poto o te ao whānui tata ki te 380,000 tau i muri i tōna tīmatanga. Mā te tātari i ngā piki me ngā heke iti o tēnei irahiko, ka taea e ngā tohunga aorangi te whakatau i ngā kōrero whai hua mō ngā āhuatanga o te ao whānui o mua, pērā i tōna pāmahana, tōna mātotoru, me te tere o te horapa.
Stellar Evolution and Life Cycles
He mea nui te wā i roto i ngā huringa ora o ngā whetū. Ka whakarōpūhia e ngā tohunga whetū ngā whetū i runga i ō rātou wāhanga whanaketanga, mai i te hanganga whetū i roto i ngā nebulae tae noa ki tō rātou matenga hei ngā whetu mā, hei whetū niutron, hei pōro pango rānei. Ko te taurite i waenga i ngā kaha ā-papa me ngā tauhohenga hanumi karihi i roto i te pūtake o te whetū te mea e whakatau ana i tēnei huringa ora.
He mea nui anō hoki te ariā o te wā i roto i ngā whanaketanga whetu me te whanaketanga o te ao tūroa. Mā te ako i te nekehanga me te taunekeneke o ngā whetu me ngā ao tūroa i roto i ngā wā roa ka āwhina i ngā tohunga whetū ki te mārama ki te whanonga me te mutunga o ngā hanganga o te ao tūroa mō te wā roa.
Time as a Philosophical and Practical Tool
E whakamārama ana te Ariā o te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Ariā Tātai whetū i te wā ehara i te mea he ariā tūroa noa iho engari he taputapu mahi nui hoki hei wetewete i ngā mea ngaro o te ao tūroa.
Philosophical Implications
He hohonu ngā pānga o ngā ariā a Einstein ki te rapunga whakaaro. Ko te whakaaro he mea whanaunga te wā e wero ana i te tirohanga a Newton mō te wā whānui, tino tūturu. E kī ana tēnei ko tā tātou tirohanga ki te wā e hono ana ki tō tātou tūranga me te nekehanga i roto i te ao tūroa. Nā tēnei kua ara ake ngā tautohetohe rapunga whakaaro whakamere mō te āhua o te ao tūturu, te takenga mai o te ao, me te ariā o "ināianei".
Ka whakaurua mai hoki e te Whānuitanga Whānui te ariā o te wā-ā-wāhi hei mea ngāwari, hihiri hoki. Ko te mahi a Hawking rāua ko Penrose mō ngā āhuatanga takitahi e kī ana ka pakaru pea te wā e mōhiotia ana e tātou i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino, pērā i roto i ngā pōro pango.
Practical Applications
He maha ngā whakamahinga whai hua o te mārama ki te whanonga o te wā i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Haunga te hangarau GPS, he mea nui te pupuri wā tika me te tukutahi mō ngā tirohanga whetū. Me whai whakaaro ngā karu tiro me ngā taputapu tirotiro ki te hurihanga me te porowhita o te Ao i te wā e whai ana i ngā mea o te rangi.
Heoi anō, he mea nui te wā ki te ako me te kite i ngā ngaru ā-papa, arā, ngā ngaru i roto i te wā-ā-wāhi i puta mai i ngā huihuinga whetū kino. Ko ngā taputapu kite matatau pērā i a LIGO me Virgo e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā inenga wā tika hei tautuhi me te tātari i ēnei ngaru.
Conclusion
Ko te ariā o te wā i roto i te Ariā o te Whakawhanaungatanga me te Tātai whetū e whakarato ana i tētahi whāriki hohonu, matatini hoki e whakarei ake ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao whānui. Nā ngā ariā hurihuri a Einstein i whakatakoto te turanga mō te tirohanga ki te wā hei āhua wai, he āhua whanaunga e rarangahia ana ki te wāhi. Ka hurihia e tēnei tauira hou tō tātou tirohanga, ka awe i te ahupūngao ariā me ngā tono mahi i roto i te rangahau tātai whetū. I a tātou e haere tonu ana ki te tūhura i te ao whānui, tera pea ka whanake haere tonu tō tātou māramatanga ki te wā, ka hurahia ngā mea ngaro hohonu ake o te ao whānui.
