Te Ariā o te Hanganga o ngā Aorangi Porowhita
Ko ngā tupuni porowhita tētahi o ngā momo tupuni matua o te ao tūroa, me ngā tupuni porowhita me ngā tupuni koretake. He porowhita ki te porowhita te āhua, he maeneene, he ōrite te tohatoha o te mārama, kāore he tauira ringa porowhita motuhake. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tupuni porowhita, he iti ake te hau me te puehu o ngā tupuni porowhita, he iti ake te tere o te hanganga whetu hou, ā, ko ngā whetu tawhito, kōwhai ki te whero te nuinga. Ko te pātai nui: me pēhea te hanganga o ngā tupuni porowhita? Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga whetū he maha ngā ariā me ngā horopaki hanganga, mā te whakamahi i ngā tirohanga karuārai hou me ngā whakatauira aorangi hei mahere i te hītori o ngā tupuni mai i te ao tūroa ki tēnei rā.
Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Arawhiti Porowhita hei Tohu mō ngā Takenga Mai
I mua i te kōrero mō te ariā, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā tupua whetu porowhita e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu mō tā rātou tukanga hanganga. Ko ngā tupua whetu porowhita he hanganga "maeneene" nā te mea kua tohatohahia ō rātou whetu i roto i ngā porowhita matapōkere, kaua e hurihuri i te nuinga i roto i te papa kotahi pērā i ngā tupua whetu porowhita. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā tupua whetu porowhita he tino nui, ā, kei waenganui i ngā tautau tupua whetu, e tohu ana i te taiao kikī me ngā taunekeneke maha i waenga i ngā tupua whetu. He iti noa te hau matao e whakaatuhia ana e ō rātou hihi mārama, ka hua ake he iti te hanganga whetu. Ko ēnei āhuatanga ka arahi ki te whakatau kua pāngia ngā tupua whetu porowhita e ngā kaupapa hihiri nui i whakararuraru i ngā porowhita o ngā whetu, ā, i pau, i peia rānei ō rātou hau hanga whetu.
Ariā Hanumitanga o ngā Tupuni
Ko tētahi o ngā ariā tino kaha mō te hanganga o ngā tupuni porowhita ko te ariā o ngā hanumitanga o ngā tupuni, inā koa ko ngā hanumitanga nui. I tēnei horopaki, ka tukinga, ka hanumi hoki ngā tupuni porowhita e rua, ngā tupuni whai hau rānei, ka puta he pūnaha hou, he nui ake, he porowhita ake. Ina puta te tukinga, ka whakararuraru ngā kaha kaha o te kaha ā-papa i te nekehanga o ngā whetū, ka whakapēke i ngā ringa porowhita, ka hanga he tohatoha whetū isotropic ake—he āhuatanga o ngā tupuni porowhita.
I te wā e hanumi ana, ka pāngia te hau i waenga i ngā whetu e te pēhanga nui, ka puta he pahūtanga o te hanganga whetu (he pahūtanga whetu). Ka taea e tēnei pahūtanga whetu te kai i te nui o te hau i roto i te wā poto (e ai ki te ao), ā, ka taea te pana i te hau e toe ana e ngā hau mai i ngā supernovae, e te mahi rānei a te matua o te ao tūroa. I muri i te angiangi o te hau, ka noho te ao tūroa e ngā whetu tawhito hei rangatira mō te ao tūroa e toe ana, ka puta he āhua "whero" me te kore mahi - he āhuatanga tēnei o ngā ao tūroa porowhita.
Ko ngā taunakitanga tirotiro mō tēnei ariā i ahu mai i ngā tupua whetu e taunekeneke ana, pērā i ngā pūnaha he hiku tai, he rerekētanga āhua, me ngā karihi rua. Kei ētahi tupua whetu porowhita hoki he hanganga ngawari pērā i ngā "anga" he ngaru ngoikore rānei, e whakaarohia ana he toenga o ngā whanaketanga hanumi o mua.
Ngā Hanumitanga Iti me te Tipu Ake
Kāore ngā tupuni porowhita katoa e puta mai i te tukinga kotahi, nui. He maha ngā tupuni, inā koa ko ngā mea tino nui, e whakaarohia ana ka tipu mā roto i ngā hanumitanga iti: ka "kai" tonu ngā tupuni nunui i ngā tupuni iti. He mahi āta haere tēnei, engari i roto i ngā piriona tau, ka taea e ia te whakanui ake i te papatipu me te whakarerekē i te hanganga o te tupuni.
Ka taea e ngā hanumitanga iti te "whakanui" i te rahi o ngā tupua whetu porowhita me te kore e whakanuia nuitia tō rātou kiato pokapū. E rite ana tēnei ki te kitenga ko ngā tupua whetu porowhita nunui i roto i te ao taitamariki he ahua kiato ake i ērā o te ao o nāianei. Arā, ko ngā tupua whetu porowhita pea i hangaia kiato i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whānui haere nā te kohikohinga o ngā amiorangi iti.
Tauira Hinga Monolithic
I mua i te mana o te ariā hanumi, i rongonui te tauira hinganga kotahi mō te whakamārama i ngā tupua whetu porowhita. I tēnei horopaki, i tino wawe te hanganga o ngā tupua whetu porowhita, i te wā i hinga tere ai te kapua hau nui i raro i te kaha ā-papa, kātahi ka tere te hanga whetu mō te wā poto. I muri i te pahūtanga o te hanganga whetu, ka pau, ka wera rānei te hau, ā, ka mutu te hanganga whetu, ka mahue iho he taupori o ngā whetu tawhito.
E whakamārama ana tēnei tauira he aha i maha ai ngā whetū porowhita he whetū tawhito rawa, ā, he nui hoki ngā konganuku kei waenganui. Ko te tere o te hanganga whetū ka hua ake he maha ngā supernovae e whakarei ake ana i te hau me ngā huānga taumaha, ā, ka "raka" tēnei whakarei ake ki roto i te whakatupuranga whetū e whai ake nei i roto i tēnei wā poto.
Heoi, e kī ana ngā kitenga hou i whanake te ao whānui i runga i te āhua whakarōpū—ngā hanganga nunui i hangaia mai i te hanumitanga o ngā mea iti ake—nō reira ka kiia he hinganga kotahi anake kāore i oti. Heoi anō, kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā matua hei whakaahuatanga o te wāhanga tōmua: tera pea i tere rawa te hanganga o ngā whetū i ngā rā tōmua o ngā tupuni porowhita, kātahi ka whanake mā roto i ngā hanumitanga me te kohikohinga.
Te Whakamatao Hau, Ngā Āhuatanga Pōuriuri, me te Whanaketanga Ā-Rohe
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i ngā ariā hou mō te hanganga o ngā tupuni i te mahi a te mea pōuri. Ka hangaia ngā tupuni i roto i te "āwhiowhio" o te mea pōuri e whakarato ana i te "anga" ā-papa. Ka taka te hau baryonic (hau noa) ki roto i tēnei āwhiowhio, ka whakamatao, kātahi ka hanga whetu. I roto i te aorangi ΛCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter), ka hangaia ngā āwhiowhio iti i te tuatahi, kātahi ka hanumi ki roto i ngā āwhiowhio nui ake. I roto i ngā taiao kikī pērā i ngā tautau tupuni, he teitei ake te tere o te hanumi me ngā taunekeneke, nō reira he maha ake te hanganga o ngā tupuni porowhita—he rite ki te meka he maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā tupuni porowhita i waenganui o ngā tautau.
E whakaatu ana ngā whakatauira aorangi ka taea e ngā tupuni porowhita nunui te whai i ngā wāhanga e rua: he wāhanga tuatahi o te hanganga whetu tere mai i te hau e haere mai ana (e kiia ana ko te hanganga whetu in-situ), ā, muri iho ko te wāhanga tipu mā te kohikohinga o ngā whetu mai i ētahi atu tupuni (ex-situ), ko te nuinga mā te hanumi. Ko te hua o tēnei whakakotahitanga he tupuni he pokapū matotoru me ngā āwhata whetu e horapa haere ana.
Te Tūranga o ngā Pōkā Pango Nui me te Urupare (Urupare AGN)
Tata ki ngā tupua nui katoa he pū pango nui rawa kei waenganui. I roto i ngā tupua porowhita, he mahi nui tā tēnei pū pango ki te aukati i te hanganga o ngā whetū mā te tikanga urupare o te karihi tupua hohe (AGN). Ina taka te matū ki runga i te pū pango, ka tukuna he pūngao nui i roto i te ahua o te irahiko me ngā pupuhi. Ka taea e tēnei pūngao te whakamahana i te hau, te pei atu rānei i te tupua, ka ārai i a ia kia mātao, kia matotoru hoki hei hanga whetū.
Mā te urupare AGN ka whakamārama he aha i tineia ai ngā tupua nunui porowhita ahakoa ka taea e rātou te kukume hau mā te kaha ā-papa. Ki te kore tēnei tikanga, ka puta pinepine ngā tupua e hanga whetū ana mō te wā roa rawa, kāore e rite ki ngā tirohanga.
Ngā Awe Taiao: Ngā Taupū Tupuni me te Ngaronga Hau
Ka hangaia hoki e te taiao ngā tupua whetu porowhita. I roto i ngā tautau tupua whetu, ka taea e te reo wera waenga-tupua te tango i te hau mai i ngā tupua whetu e neke ana i roto, he tukanga e kiia nei ko te tango i te pēhanga ram. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā taunekeneke ā-papa me ngā tini hoa tata te whakararuraru i te hanganga o ngā tupua whetu porowhita me te whakaiti i ō rātou rahui hau. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā tupua whetu porowhita te huri hei tupua whetu lenticular (S0) te whanake rānei hei tupua whetu porowhita mā roto i ngā hanumitanga me ngā whakararurarutanga auau.
I roto i ngā taiao kikī, ka nui ake te whai huatanga o te hanganga o ngā tupuni porowhita nā ēnei āhuatanga e rua: te nui ake o ngā tūponotanga tukinga me te kaha ake o ngā tikanga tango hau. Koinei te take e whakaatu ana te whanaungatanga āhua-kiato he nui ake te kitea o ngā tupuni porowhita i ngā rohe he nui te kiato o ngā tupuni.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā ariā o nāianei mō te hanganga o ngā tupuni porowhita e mārama ana ko te hua o te whakakotahitanga o ētahi tukanga, kaua ki te tikanga kotahi. Ka taea e ngā hanumitanga nui te huri i ngā tupuni porowhita hei pūnaha porowhita me ngā porowhita whetu matapōkere me ngā wā tere engari poto o te hanganga whetu. Mā ngā hanumitanga iti e maha ana ka āwhina i ngā tupuni porowhita kia tipu me te whānui i roto i te wā. I taua wā anō, he wāhanga tīmatanga kaha, he rite ki te tauira hinganga monolithic, e mau tonu ana te hiranga mō te whakamārama i te taupori whetu kua koroheke. Ka puta ēnei tukanga katoa i roto i te ao pōuri hierarchical, me te urupare mai i ngā pōro pango nui rawa atu me te awe o te taiao tautau, ka taea te tango atu i te hau, he mahi nui tēnei.
I te taenga mai o ngā karu tiro hou me ngā whakatauira teitei-taumira, kua kaha ake te kaha o ngā kaimātai whetū ki te "pānui" i te hītori o ngā tupua whetu porowhita mai i tō rātou horapa whetu, te hanganga matū, me ngā tohu o te hanganga pai. Ko ngā tupua whetu porowhita, e āhua māmā ana, e maeneene ana mai i tawhiti, kei roto tonu i a rātou he hītori ao whānui e kī ana i ngā tukinga, te tipu haere, me ngā tukanga ā-tinana tino nui e hanga ana i te mata o te ao tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
