Te Hītori o te Kitenga o te Aorangi o Tāwhirimātea
He haerenga roa te hītori o te kitenga o Hine-tū-rangi e tohu ana i te mīharotanga o te ao tūroa, mai i ngā wā onamata ki te ao hou. Hei te mea kanapa rawa atu i muri i te Rā me te Marama, kua kukume a Hine-tū-rangi i te aro o te tangata mō ngā mano tau. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te tukanga o te kitenga me te aromatawai pūtaiao o tēnei aorangi mai i te tīmatanga o te ao ki ngā rangahau hou.
Te Mātauranga Tawhito mō Venus
I mōhiotia kētia a Hine-tū-te-rangi e ngā iwi onamata, pērā i a Īhipa, Mehopotamia, me Kariki, ko Hine-tū-te-rangi te "Whetu o te Ata" me te "Whetu o te Ahiahi" nā te mea he tino kitea tōna āhua i te rangi i ēnei wā. I roto i te ahurea o Mehopotamia, i mōhiotia a Hine-tū-te-rangi ko "Ishtar," te atua wahine o te aroha me te pakanga. I Kariki onamata, ko ngā ingoa i hoatu ko "Phosphoros" mō te Whetu o te Ata, me "Hesperos" mō te Whetu o te Ahiahi. I te whanaketanga o te arorangi i Kariki onamata, i kite a Pythagoras i te rautau 6 BC ko "Phosphoros" me "Hesperos" te mea kotahi, ko Hine-tū-te-rangi.
Ngā Takoha a ngā Kairangahau whetū Ihirama
I te Waenganui o ngā Tau, i tino awehia te pūtaiao o te Hauāuru e te arorangi o ngā Muhirama. Nā ngā tohunga arorangi o Pāhia, pērā i a Al-Khwarizmi rāua ko Al-Sufi, i hanga he rārangi whetu me ngā rangahau whānui mō te nekehanga o ngā aorangi, tae atu ki a Hine-tū-te-rangi. I whakamahia e rātou ngā whare tirotiro matatau, ā, i whakawhanakehia he ripanga arorangi tino tika, ā, i muri mai ka noho hei pūtake mō te arorangi o te Hauāuru i te wā o te Huringa Pūtaiao.
Te Huringa Pūtaiao me te Mātakitaki a Galileo
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 17, i puta he whanaketanga nui i roto i te māramatanga o Hine-tū-rangi nā te Huringa Pūtaiao. I te tau 1610 i tohuhia he tohu nui i te wā i whakamahia ai e Galileo Galilei he karu tiro hei tirotiro tata i a Hine-tū-rangi mō te wā tuatahi. I kitea e Galileo he rite ngā āhua o Hine-tū-rangi ki te Marama—he kitenga i tautoko i te tauira heliocentric a Copernicus, arā, ko ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i te Rā, ehara i te Ao.
Nā te kitenga a Galileo i whakaatu ko Tāwhiti a Hine-tū-te-rā e huri haere ana, nō reira ka rerekē te mārama e whakaatahia ana ki te Ao i runga i te tūranga o Tāwhiti ki te Rā me te Ao. Kāore i te whakaū noa tēnei kitenga i te tauira heliocentric engari i whakahōhonu ake anō hoki i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā nekehanga porowhita o te aorangi.
Ngā Tirohanga Anō me te Kitenga o te Āhuarangi
I te rautau 18, i haere tonu ētahi atu tohunga whetū, pērā i a Jeremiah Horrocks, ki te ako i ngā haerenga o Hine-tū-rangi—arā, ngā wā e whiti ai a Hine-tū-rangi i te mata o te Rā mai i te tirohanga a te Ao. He mea nui ēnei haerenga mō te ine i ngā tawhiti i waenga i ngā aorangi. I te tau 1761, i mātakitaki a Mikhail Lomonosov, he kaipūtaiao Rūhia, i tētahi haerenga o Hine-tū-rangi, ā, i whakatau ia he āhuarangi tō te aorangi. He kitenga nui tēnei, i whakarerekē i te māramatanga o ngā kaipūtaiao mō te āhua o Hine-tū-rangi, ā, i whakatakoto i te ara mō ngā rangahau aorangi o ēnei rā.
Ngā Haerenga Hou me te Ao Ātea
I te whanaketanga o te hangarau i te rautau 20, ka eke te tūhuratanga o Hine-tū-rangi ki tētahi taumata hou. I te tau 1962, ka rere angitu te waka mokowhiti Mariner 2 a NASA i a Hine-tū-rangi, ka kohia he raraunga nui mō te āhuarangi me te pāmahana o te mata o te ao. I whakaatuhia e Mariner 2 he tino teitei te pāmahana o te mata o Hine-tū-rangi, e eke ana ki te 475 nekehanga Celsius (887 nekehanga Fahrenheit), me te āhuarangi matotoru hoki e whakahaerehia ana e te hauhā waro, me te pēhanga mata e 92 ngā wā nui ake i te pēhanga o te mata o te Ao.
Nā tēnei rangahau i whakatuwhera ngā kanohi o ngā kaipūtaiao ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino o Tāwhirimātea, he rerekētanga nui mai i te ariā o mua mō te aorangi hei "māhanga" o te Ao. Nā ngā raraunga mai i Mariner 2 i arahi ngā misioni Soviet i muri mai, tae atu ki te raupapa Venera o ngā rovers. I waenganui i te tau 1967 me te tau 1983, i tukuna e te kaupapa Venera ētahi waka tirotiro i tau angitu ki te mata o Tāwhirimātea, ā, i tukuna ngā raraunga, ahakoa he torutoru meneti noa iho te roa o ēnei nā te tino kino o ngā āhuatanga.
Te hikoi ki te Ao Hou
I ngā tau 1990, i whakamahia e te misioni Magellan a NASA te radar hei mahere i te mata o Hine-tū-rangi i te taumira teitei. I whakakitea e Magellan neke atu i te 1600 ngā puia me ngā mara puia o Hine-tū-rangi, e tohu ana i ngā mahi matawhenua uaua. I whakaatuhia anō hoki e ngā rangahau anō ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā pakaru me ngā pae maunga nui, e tohu ana kei te haere tonu ngā mahi tectonic.
Mai i taua wā, kua haere tonu ngā rangahau mō Hine-ā-rangi me ētahi atu misioni pērā i te Venus Express a te Tari Wāhi Ātea o Ūropi (ESA) i whakarewahia i te tau 2005 me te Akatsuki a te Tari Wāhi Ātea o Hapanihi (JAXA) i te tau 2010. Nā ēnei hoa o Hine-ā-rangi i āwhina ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ruku hohonu ake ki ngā mea ngaro o te āhuarangi e kī ana i ngā kapua waikawa whanariki, te tere o te rere o te hau, me ngā āhuatanga uira e puta ana i reira.
Te Takoha Raraunga Whānui
Nā ēnei mahi tirotiro i whakarato i ngā raraunga whānui mō te hanganga o te āhuarangi, ngā āhuatanga o te mata, me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i runga i a Hine-tū-rangi. Ko tētahi kitenga whakamere ko te noho o ngā "kāreti o Hine-tū-rangi," e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o te rahi me te āhua hihiri o te āhuarangi. Mā tēnei rangahau ka whakaratohia he māramatanga nui ehara i te mea mō Hine-tū-rangi anake engari mō te whanaketanga me te huringa o te āhuarangi o te ao i roto i te wā.
Whakatau me ngā Rangahau ā-Mārama
He haerenga roa te kitenga o Hine-tū-rangi, kī tonu i ngā kitenga whakamiharo me ngā whanaketanga pūtaiao hou. Mai i ngā kitenga onamata hei whetu kanapa i te rangi ki te ao hou o ngā misioni ātea me ngā hangarau matatau, kua homai e ia taahiraa he māramatanga hohonu ake ki te aorangi. Ko te rangahau ki a Hine-tū-rangi he kaupapa matua tonu i roto i te tūhuratanga o ngā aorangi, me ngā misioni ā muri ake nei kua whakaritea hei hura i ngā mea ngaro o te whenua. Mā te māramatanga katoa ki a Hine-tū-rangi, ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga ki te pūnaha rā anake, engari ka whakaratohia hoki he tohu whai hua mō te ako i ngā āhuarangi me ngā hau o ētahi atu aorangi, tae atu ki a Papatūānuku tonu.
Ko Hine-tātea, me ōna mea ngaro me ōna ataahua katoa, kei te whakaoho tonu i te tangata ki te tūhura me te mārama ake ki te ao tūroa e noho nei tātou. Ko te hītori roa o ngā rangahau Hine-tātea e whakaata ana i te whai tonu a te tangata ki te kimi me te tūhura i ngā mea kei raro i tēnei ao tawhiti, rerekē hoki. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, e tumanako ana ngā kairangahau ki te kimi i ngā whakautu tūturu mō te whanaketanga o Hine-tātea me te āheinga o te ora, i ngā āhuatanga rānei i tautoko i a ia i mua, i ngā wā o mua o te aorangi.
