Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Aorangi Whenua i roto i te Tātai Ahurea
Ko ngā aorangi whenua he rōpū aorangi he mata totoka, he toka, he mea hanga nui ki ngā silicates me ngā konganuku, ā, he tino matotoru ngā hanganga o roto ki te whakataurite ki ngā nunui hau. I roto i te horopaki o te Pūnaha Rā, ko ngā aorangi whenua ko Mercury, Venus, Earth, me Mars. E kiia ana ēnei aorangi whenua e whā he "aorangi whenua" nā te mea he rite tonu ō rātou hanganga me ngā āhuatanga whenua ki a Papatūānuku, ahakoa he rerekē ngā āhuatanga taiao o ia aorangi. I roto i te arorangi o ēnei rā, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā aorangi whenua, ehara i te mea mō te ako i ngā takenga mai o te Pūnaha Rā anake, engari mō te aromatawai hoki i te āheinga noho o ngā aorangi toka i waho o te Pūnaha Rā (ngā aorangi o waho).
1. Te Hanganga me te Hanganga o ngā Wāhanga
Ko te āhuatanga matua o ngā aorangi whenua he hanganga toka me te nui o te silicate i roto i te kirinuku me te koroka, me te matua konganuku e nui ana te rino me te nikara. Nā tēnei hanganga ka nui ake te kiato o ngā aorangi whenua ki te whakataurite ki ngā mea nunui o te hau pērā i a Hūpiter me Hātana.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea te hanganga ā-roto o ngā aorangi whenua ki ngā paparanga matua e toru:
1. Kirinuku: Ko te paparanga o waho rawa, he angiangi, he mea hanga ki te toka totoka.
2. Mantle: Ko te paparanga kei raro i te kirinuku matotoru ake, ko ētahi he kirihou, ā, ka taea ai e ngā tukanga convection te akiaki i ngā āhuatanga whenua.
3. Matua: He mea tito mai i ngā konganuku taumaha, ko te rino te nuinga. I ētahi aorangi, ka taea e tēnei matua te rewa ā-wāhanga, ā, ka puta he papa aukume.
Nā ngā rerekētanga o te rahi me te hītori o te hanganga, he nui ngā rerekētanga o te matotoru o te paparanga, te pāmahana o roto, me ngā mahi ā-whenua o ia aorangi whenua.
2. Rahi, Papatipu, me te Kiato Nui
He iti ake ngā aorangi whenua i ngā aorangi nunui o te hau. Heoi, ko te "iti" ehara i te mea he iti noa iho: ko te whānui o Papatūānuku me Hine-tū-rangi he tata ki te 12.100 kiromita, ko Māte me Hūrei ia he iti ake. Ahakoa te iti o te rahi, he kikī ake ngā aorangi whenua nā te mea he taumaha ake ngā rauemi o roto i a rātou i te hauwai me te hēriuma e noho ana i runga i ngā aorangi nunui.
He tohu nui tēnei matotorutanga mō ngā kaitātari whetū ki te tautuhi i ngā aorangi toka i waho o te Pūnaha Rā. Mā te ine i te papatipu (mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tere radial, te rerekētanga wā whakawhiti rānei) me te radius (mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawhiti), ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatau tata i te matotorutanga toharite o tētahi aorangi exoplanet; ko te matotorutanga teitei he tohu i tētahi aorangi toka.
3. Mata Totoka me te Tapuwae Ā-Ao
Nā te noho mai o tētahi mata totoka ka puta he āhua matatini o te whenua: ngā maunga, ngā awaawa, ngā rua pā, ngā puia, me ngā mania whānui. Ka pāngia ngā mahi matawhenua o ngā aorangi whenua e te wera o roto, te hanganga, me te rahi.
– E whakaatu ana a Mercury i ngā rua me ngā pari nui e pā ana ki te whakamatao me te mimiti o roto.
– He maha ngā āhuatanga puia o Tāwhirimātea, ā, he whānui hoki ngā mania, me ngā tohu kei te haere tonu pea ngā mahi puia.
– He ahurei a Papatūānuku nā ngā nekehanga pereti e kaha ana te hanga i ngā whenua, ngā moana, me ngā pae maunga, me te hangarua anō hoki i te waro i runga i te tauine whenua.
– He nui ngā puia nunui o Tāwhirimātea pērā i a Olympus Mons me ngā awaawa nunui pērā i a Valles Marineris, engari kua iti ake ngā mahi whenua o Tāwhirimātea i ēnei rā i tō mua.
Kei ngā mata o ngā aorangi whenua te hītori o ngā tukinga o ngā meteorite, inā koa ki ngā aorangi kāore he matotoru o ngā hau, kāore hoki he tukanga horo kaha.
4. Āhuarangi: Angiangi ki te Tino Matotoru
Ka rerekē pea ngā āhuatanga o ngā aorangi whenua i ngā āhuarangi rerekē. Ka whakatauhia ēnei rerekētanga e te kaha ā-papa, te pāmahana, te mahi puia, me te taunekeneke ki te hau o te rā.
– Kāore he āhua matotoru o te hau o Mekuri; he angiangi noa iho tōna āhua o waho o te ao, he mea hanga mai i ngā matūriki e tukuna ana mai i te mata.
– He matotoru rawa te āhuarangi o Tāwhirimātea, ko te hauhā waro (CO₂) te nuinga, ā, e 90 ngā wā te pēhanga o te mata o Tāwhirimātea i tōna pēhanga o te āhuarangi o Papatūānuku. Nā tēnei pānga kati kōtuhi nui rawa atu ka tino wera te pāmahana o te mata o Tāwhirimātea.
– He āhua pumau te hauota-hāora o te Papatūānuku, ā, he nui te hau kati kōtuhi hei pupuri i te pāmahana o te mata e tautoko ana i te wai wai.
– He angiangi te āhuarangi o Tāwhirimātea, ko te CO₂ te nuinga, nō reira he iti te pēhanga o te mata, ā, he uaua ki te wai wai te ora mō te wā roa.
Ehara te āhuarangi o te aorangi whenua i te "taupoki hau" noa iho, engari he awe anō hoki ki te horo, te huarere, ngā huringa matū, me te āheinga o te ora.
5. Ngā Papa Aukume me te Parenga mai i ngā Hau o te Rā
Tērā pea he papa aukume ā-ao kei ētahi aorangi whenua e whakaputaina ana e tētahi dynamo ā-roto—ko te nuinga o te wā he pūtake wai kawe hiko me te hurihanga o te aorangi. He mea nui ngā papa aukume ki te tiaki i te āhuarangi mai i te horo o te hau rā.
– He kaha te papa aukume o Papatūānuku e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te āhuarangi, e tiaki ana hoki i ngā mea ora mai i te irahiko matūriki kaha-nui.
– Kāore i a Tāwhirimātea te papa aukume kaha o te ao i tēnei wā; e whakaarohia ana koinei te take i ngaro haere ai tōna āhuarangi.
– He ngoikore te papa aukume o Mercury engari ka taea te kite.
– Kāore rawa he papa aukume ā-ao kaha o Hine-tū-te-rangi, ahakoa te matotoru o te āhuarangi; e kī ana tēnei he mahi nui anō hoki tā ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te kaha ā-papa me te hanganga o te āhuarangi.
Mō te rapu i ngā aorangi nohoia, he mea nui te aroaro o te papa aukume, ahakoa ehara i te mea koinei anake.
6. Te Pāmahana me ngā Āhuatanga Wera
Ka pāngia te pāmahana o tētahi aorangi whenua e tōna tawhiti mai i te whetū, te hanganga o te āhuarangi, te albedo (te mana whakaata), me te mahi ā-roto. Ka pāngia pea ngā aorangi whenua e ngā awhe pāmahana tino nui. Ko Tāwhiti tētahi tauira o te āhuarangi matotoru o te CO₂ e whakaoho ana i te mahana nui, ko Tāwhiti ia e whakaatu ana i te āhuarangi angiangi e whakamatao ake ai te aorangi, e ngāwari ai hoki ki ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana o ia rā.
He maha ngā wā e hono ana te ariā o te rohe noho ki ngā aorangi whenua: te rohe e karapoti ana i tētahi whetū kei reira pea te wai wai e noho ana i runga i te mata. Heoi, ehara te rohe noho i te taurangi mō te noho. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te hau, te pēhanga, te hanganga matū, me te hītori whenua katoa he mea nui ki te whakatau mēnā he tino pumau te wai wai.
7. Tukanga Hanga: Whakanuia me te Wehewehenga
I roto i ngā ariā o te hanganga o te Pūnaha Rā, i hangaia ngā aorangi whenua i roto i te kōpae protoplanetary o roto, he rohe mahana ake i reira ngā huānga māmā pēnei i te hauwai me te hēriuma i uaua ki te "maukati" i te hau nui. Nō reira, ko te silicate me te puehu konganuku te nuinga, ā, i honoa mā te kohikohinga hei hanga i ngā planetesimals me ngā kukune aorangi.
I te hanganga o ngā aorangi, ka puta he tukanga wehewehenga ina totohu ngā rauemi taumaha (whakarewa) hei hanga i te uho, ko ngā rauemi māmā ake hei hanga i te koroka me te kirinuku. Ka tukuna e tēnei tukanga te pūngao wera, ka āwhina i te akiaki i ngā mahi whenua o mua, ā, i ētahi aorangi, ka whakaoho i te dynamo e whakaputa ana i ngā papa aukume.
8. Te Hiranga o ngā Aorangi Whenua ki te Rapunga mō ngā Aorangi-ā-Iwi
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua kitea e te whetū arorangi o waho o te ao he maha ngā aorangi toka, arā, ngā "aorangi toka nui atu i te Ao engari he iti iho i a Neptune". Kua piki ake te aro ki ngā aorangi whenua nā te mea e whakaarohia ana koinei ngā mea tino tūpono he mata totoka, ā, i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, he wai wai, e tautoko ana pea i te ora.
Heoi anō, kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau mō ngā aorangi o waho kāore ngā aorangi toka i te rite tonu ki te Ao. Ko ētahi he "Whenua nui", ko ētahi he mea kapi i ngā moana ā-ao (ngā ao wai), he rerekē rawa rānei ō rātou āhuarangi matotoru. Nō reira, kei te akohia ngā āhuatanga o ngā aorangi whenua i roto i tētahi anga whānui ake: te hanganga, te āhuarangi, ngā hihiri ā-roto, me ngā taunekeneke ki ō rātou whetu manaaki.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā aorangi whenua he aorangi toka he nui te kiato, he mata totoka, he hanganga paparanga o roto (kirikiri-papa-matua), me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi me te aukume kanorau. I roto i te Pūnaha Rā, he whānui ngā āhuatanga o Mercury, Venus, Earth, me Mars—mai i ngā aorangi tata kore āhuarangi ki ngā aorangi he nui ngā pānga kati kōtuhi, mai i ngā aorangi e kaha ana te tectonic ki ngā aorangi "marie" te āhua whenua. I roto i te arorangi, mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā aorangi whenua ka āwhina i te whakautu i ngā pātai nui mō te hanganga o ngā aorangi, te whanaketanga o ngā taiao aorangi, me te wāhi pai rawa atu mō te kimi i ngā ao nohoia i tua atu o te Ao.
