Me pēhea te tatau i te rōrahi o te wāhi i roto i te hoahoanga
He pūkenga taketake engari he mea nui te tatau i te rahi o te wāhi i roto i te hoahoanga. Ehara i te mea ko te rahi o te rūma anake te mea nui, engari he pānga anō hoki ki ngā whakataunga hoahoa maha: te whakamarie wera, ngā whakaritenga whakamahana, te oro, te kounga o te hau, tae atu ki te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi me ngā utu hanga. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te rahi o te wāhi hei tatau i te kaha HVAC (hauhautanga), ngā whakaritenga hauhautanga, te whakamahere rama, me te aromatawai i te mahi whānui o te whare.
Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te tatau i te rōrahi o te wāhi i roto i te hoahoanga, mai i ngā āhua māmā noa iho ki ngā āhua uaua ake pērā i ngā tuanui piki, ngā papa waenga, me ngā wāhi he āputaputa.
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1. Kia mārama ki te ariā o te rōrahi o te wāhi
Ko te rōrahi he ine ā-toru-ahu o te wāhi, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mita pūtoru (m³). He māmā noa iho, ko te rōrahi e tohu ana i te nui o te wāhi ka taea te nohoia e te hau. I roto i te horopaki hoahoanga, ko te rōrahi kupenga ka tatauhia, arā, ko te wāhi hau i roto i ngā rohe o roto o ngā pakitara, o ngā papa, me ngā tuanui.
He mea tika kia wehewehea i waenga i:
– Horahanga (m²): inenga rua-ahu i runga i te papa.
– Rōrahi (m³): horahanga whakareatia ki te teitei (te teitei whai hua rānei o tētahi āhua kua hoatu).
He mea nui te rahinga o te rūma e rua he rite te rahinga, nā te mea ka rerekē te rahinga o te tuanui mēnā he rerekē te teitei o te tuanui. Ko te rūma 20 m² he 3 m te teitei o te tuanui, he 60 m³ te rahinga; mēnā he 5 m te teitei o te tuanui, ka 100 m³ te rahinga. Ka pā tēnei rerekētanga ki te whānui o te wāhi, ki ngā whakaritenga hauhautanga, me te haruru oro.
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2. Ngā raraunga e hiahiatia ana i mua i te tatau i te rōrahi
Mō ngā tataunga tika, whakaritea ngā mōhiohio e whai ake nei:
1. Te roa me te whānui o te rūma (mēnā he tapawhā hāngai).
2. Te teitei o te rūma mai i te papa kua oti te hanga (FFL) ki te tuanui kua oti te hanga, ki te arai hau rānei (hei tauira, te pereti o raro).
3. Āhua o te tuanui: papatahi, piki, paparanga, piko rānei.
4. Ngā wāhanga whakaiti rōrahi (whiringa noa, i runga i te kaupapa): ngā pari kurupae, ngā tuanui taka, ngā paipa nui, ngā hanganga rānei e whakaiti ana i te teitei whai hua.
5. Ngā whakatuwheratanga korekore: ngā ātrium, ngā wāhi e rua ngā papa, ngā wāhanga rānei kāore he papa i ētahi taumata.
I roto i ngā tuhi hoahoanga, ka taea te tango raraunga mai i ngā mahere papa (te roa me te whānui), ngā wāhanga (te teitei), me ngā taipitopito tuanui. I te wāhanga ariā, ka taea te tatau i ngā rahinga tata; i te wāhanga DED, ka tatauhia ngā rahinga kia tika ake i runga i ngā inenga whakamutunga.
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3. Tātai taketake: wāhi porowhita tapawhā
Mō te rūma tino noa me te tuanui papatahi me te mahere papa tapawhā:
Rōrahi = Roa × Whānui × Teitei
Tauira:
– Rūma whānau: te roa 6 m, te whānui 4 m, te teitei 3,2 m
Rōrahi = 6 × 4 × 3,2 = 76,8 m³
Mena he tapawhā te rūma:
– 5 m × 5 m × 3 m = 75 m³
Kia rite ngā waeine o ngā ine katoa (te nuinga o ngā mita). Ko te hapa tino kitea ko te whakaranu i te cm me te m me te kore e huri.
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4. Wāhi me te mahere papa koretake: wehea kia maha ngā wāhanga
Ehara i te mea he tapawhā hāngai ngā wāhi katoa. Mō ngā wāhi āhua-L, āhua-maha, āhua-piko rānei, ko te tikanga haumaru ko te wehewehe i aua wāhi kia maha ngā āhua māmā, kātahi ka tāpirihia ō rātou rahinga.
Hipanga:
1. Wāwāhia te mahere o te papa kia maha ngā tapawhā rite/tapatoru.
2. Tātaihia te horahanga o ia wāhanga.
3. Whakareatia ki te teitei (mēnā he ōrite te teitei).
4. Tāpirihia ngā hua.
Mena he ōrite te teitei o te rūma:
– Te katoa o te rōrahi = (Horahanga A + Horahanga B + …) × Teitei
Mena he rerekē ngā teitei i ētahi rohe (hei tauira, he tuanui taka iho i ētahi wāhi), tatauhia te rōrahi o ia rohe me tōna teitei.
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5. Te tatau i te rōrahi o tētahi rūma he tuanui piki
Ka rerekē te teitei o te rūma i ngā tuanui piko (pērā i ngā tuanui papa, i ngā tuanui whare iti rānei). Ko tētahi huarahi whai hua ki te tatau i te rōrahi ko te whakamahi i te teitei toharite, mena he rārangi te piko.
Mena he h₁ te teitei o tētahi taha, ā, he h₂ te teitei o tētahi taha, ā, he tapawhā rite te mahere:
Rōrahi = Roa × Whānui × ((h₁ + h₂) / 2)
Tauira:
– Wāhi rūma mahi: 8 m × 5 m
Teitei iti 3 m, teitei teitei 4,5 m
Teitei toharite = (3 + 4,5) / 2 = 3,75 m
Rōrahi = 8 × 5 × 3,75 = 150 m³
Mō ngā tuanui e rua ngā taha whakarara (hei tauira, ngā piramita), ka uaua ake ngā tataunga. Ka taea e koe te wāwāhi i te wāhi ki ētahi porohita/piramita iti ake, te whakamahi rānei i te huarahi horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga toharite o ngā wāhanga.
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6. Rūma me te tuanui papa (tuanui taka wāhanga)
He mea noa i ngā wāhi arumoni, i ngā whare hou rānei, ko te whakahekenga o te tuanui hei huna i ngā paipa wai, hei hanga rānei i tētahi āhua motuhake. I konei, e rua (neke atu rānei) te teitei o te wāhi.
Tikanga:
1. Tāutuhia te horahanga rohe me te teitei 1 me te teitei 2.
2. Tātaihia te rōrahi o ia rohe.
3. Tāpirihia.
Tauira:
– Rūma 6 m × 4 m (24 m²)
Rohe A (taupoki taka): 10 m², teitei 2,8 m
Rohe B: 14 m², teitei 3,4 m
Te rōrahi katoa = (10×2,8) + (14×3,4)
= 28 + 47,6 = 75,6 m³
He tika ake tēnei tikanga i te whakamahi i te teitei toharite mēnā he wāhanga noa iho o te rūma te tuanui taka.
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7. Wāhi e rua ngā papa, te āputa, me te ātrium
I roto i ngā kāinga, i ngā whare tūmatanui rānei, he wāhi kei reira e toro atu ana ki te papa o runga (te teitei rua), he ātrium rānei e horapa ana ki ngā papa maha. He rite tonu te kaupapa: ka tatauhia te rōrahi ki te arai hau.
Mena he 5 m × 4 m te mahere papa o te rūma e rua ngā papa, ā, he 6 m te teitei katoa:
– Rōrahi = 5 × 4 × 6 = 120 m³
Mena he wāhanga noa iho o te rohe he takoto kau:
– Tātaihia te rōrahi o te āputa i te teitei katoa.
– Tātaihia te rōrahi o ētahi atu wāhi he teitei noa.
– Tāpirihia.
He mea nui kia mārama ki te kaupapa o te tatau. Mō te HVAC, he mea nui te rahinga o te āputa nā te mea he nui ake te rahinga o te hau me whakamahana. Mō ngā tataunga utu whakaoti, tera pea kāore i te tino hira te rahinga i te horahanga o te mata.
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8. Wāhi he āhua piko, he āhua porowhita rānei
I ētahi whare (pērā i ngā mosque, ngā taiwhanga whakaatu, ngā whare whakaaturanga rānei), ka taea te piko, te porotaka, te āhua haurua-porotaka rānei ngā tuanui. Mō ēnei āhua, whakamahia ngā tātai rōrahi ā-ira, ngā huarahi tau rānei.
Ngā tauira noa:
– Puoto: V = πr²h
– Te haurua o te rango: V = ½πr²h
– Te porowhita porowhita: V = 2/3 πr³
Mena ehara te āhua i te āhua ā-ira anake, he huarahi whai hua tēnei:
– Te tango i ētahi wāhanga i ētahi wā,
– Tātaihia te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o ia wahi,
– Mā te whakamahi i te tikanga toharite (hei tauira, te tikanga Simpson, te tikanga trapezoid rānei) hei whakatau tata i te rōrahi.
I roto i ngā mahi tari, ka tatauhia te rōrahi o ngā āhua uaua mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa BIM (Revit, ArchiCAD) te tauira 3D rānei ka taea te tango aunoa i te rōrahi o te wāhi.
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9. Te rahinga kupenga me te rahinga katoa: ko tēhea te mea hei whakamahi?
I roto i te hoahoanga me te hanganga, ka rerekē te kupu rōrahi:
– Te rōrahi kupenga: ka tatauhia mai i te mata o roto kua oti. He pai mō ngā whakaritenga HVAC, oro, me te kounga o te hau.
– Te rōrahi katoa: kei roto ko te matotoru o te pakitara/hanganga, ka tatauhia rānei mai i ngā inenga o waho o te papatipu whare. He pai mō ngā rangahau papatipu, ngā ture motuhake, ngā whakatairite kaha whare rānei.
I mua i te tatau, whakatauhia ngā whakamāramatanga kua whakaaetia kia kore ai ngā hua e "tika engari kāore e tika" mō ngā whāinga o te kaupapa.
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10. Ngā tohutohu mō ngā tataunga rōrahi tika ake
1. Whakamahia ngā inenga kua oti te whakaoti mēnā e whakamahia ana te rōrahi mō ngā pūnaha hanga whare (hauātanga, hauhautanga).
2. Kia tūpato ki ngā āhuatanga e whakaiti ana i te wāhi hau, hei tauira, he kurupae nui e heke iho ana i roto i tētahi wāhi iti.
3. Ngā waeine ōrite; kia tino tika te whakauru i ngā mita katoa.
4. Kia mōhio ki ngā whakapae: ko tēhea teitei e whakamahia ana (ki te tuanui gypsum, ki te pereti raro rānei), te tatau kupenga, tātaitanga whānui rānei.
5. Whakamanahia mā te whakamahi i ngā tuhi wāhanga kia kore ai he huringa teitei e ngaro.
6. Whakamahia te BIM mēnā e wātea ana, engari me mahi tonu i ngā arowhai ā-ringa hei whakahaere.
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Te Katinga
Ko te tatau i te rōrahi o tētahi wāhi i roto i te hoahoanga he rite tonu ki te ine i te wāhi hau i roto i ngā rohe o tētahi whare. Mō ngā wāhi māmā, he māmā noa te tātai: te roa × te whānui × te teitei. Heoi, i roto i ngā hoahoa o te ao tūturu, he rerekē ngā āhua me ngā teitei—he tuanui piki, he tuanui taka, he āputa, he tuanui porowhita rānei—me whai rautaki hei wehewehe i te wāhi ki ngā āhua māmā, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā tikanga teitei toharite me ngā tikanga whakawhiti-wāhanga.
Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake me te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika mō ngā āhuatanga o te wāhi, ka taea e koe te tatau tika i ngā rōrahi me te whakamahi i aua rōrahi hei tautoko i ngā whakataunga hoahoa, te whakamarie o te wāhi, me te whai huatanga o te whare.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te hanga i tētahi tauira tatau katoa i runga i te mahere papa me ngā wāhanga wāhi kei a koe (hei tauira, te rahi o tētahi rūma i roto i tētahi whare, i tētahi akomanga, i tētahi atrium rānei), tae atu ki te kaupapa rohe.
