Te Hoahoa Whare i roto i te Horopaki o te Hītori Toi
Ko te hoahoanga tētahi o ngā momo toi tino taketake me te tino mahi i roto i te hītori o te ao tangata. Ko te hoahoanga he tohu mō te toi me te pūtaiao o te whakamahere, te hoahoa, me te hanga hanganga whare. Heoi, ehara i te mea ko te hanganga tinana anake, engari e whakaata ana te hoahoanga i ngā uara ahurea, whakapono, pāpori, me te hangarau o te hapori nāna i hanga. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te haerenga o te hoahoanga i roto i te horopaki o te hītori toi, me te tirotiro i tōna whanaketanga mai i ngā wā onamata ki te wā hou.
Ngā Iwi Onamata: Ngā Kōhatu me ngā Atua
I ngā iwi onamata, ehara i te mea he wāhi noho, he wāhi whakaruruhau anake te hoahoanga, engari he tohu wairua, he tohu whakapono hoki. He tauira whakamiharo ngā ziggurat o Mesopotamia me ngā pyramids o Ihipa mō te hoahoanga whakapono. I whakamahia e ngā momo whare e rua te kōhatu hei rauemi matua, ā, i hangaia he hanganga whakahīhī, he pakari hoki.
I hangaia ngā ziggurat o Mehopotamia, pērā i tērā i Ur, hei temepara paparanga hei karakia ki ngā atua nui. Ko ō rātou hanganga paparanga he rite ki ngā maunga horihori, e whakaponohia ana ko ngā nohoanga o ngā atua. I taua wā, ko ngā piramita o Īhipa, pērā i ngā piramita o Giza, i hangaia hei urupā mō ngā Parao, e whakaata ana i tō rātou whakapono ki te ao i muri i te matenga. Ko te whakamahinga a ngā piramita i te ōritetanga ā-ira e whakaatu ana i te mātauranga pangarau me te hangarau matatau o taua wā.
Hoahoanga Tawhito: Kariki me Rōmana
Nā ngā iwi Kariki me Rōmana i kawe te hoahoanga ki tētahi taumata toi hou. Nā ngā Kariki i tīmata te whakamahi i ngā pou me ngā momo tawhito pērā i te Doric, Ionic, me te Corinthian. Ka kitea te hoahoanga Kariki i roto i ngā whare pērā i te Parthenon i Ātene, i whakatapua ki te atua wahine a Athena. Kāore i te mea he ataahua noa iho ēnei whare engari i kī tonu hoki i ngā whakapaipai me ngā whakairo he nui ngā tohu pūrākau.
Nō muri mai ka tangohia e ngā Rōmana ngā āhuatanga maha o te hoahoanga Kariki, ā, ka whakawhanakehia anō hoki mā roto i ngā tikanga hou, tae atu ki te whakamahinga o te raima me te pūkenga ki te hanga i ngā āwhata, ngā tuanui, me ngā whare karakia. Ko te tauira rongonui ko te Pantheon, me tōna tuanui nui, he mahi hangarau whakamiharo mō tōna wā. I tua atu, ko te Colosseum, hei whare tapere, i noho hei tohu mō te tohungatanga hoahoanga me te whakangahau o Rōmana.
Ngā Wā o Waenganui: Gothic me Romanesque
He maha ngā wā e honoa ana ngā hoahoanga o te wā waenga ki ngā whare karakia me ngā whare karakia nui, e whakaata ana i te mana o te whakapono i roto i te hapori Pākehā. Ko te momo Romanesque, i tino kitea i ngā tau tōmua o te Waenganui, e tohuhia ana e te whakamahinga o ngā āwhata porowhita, ngā pakitara matotoru, me ngā matapihi iti. Ko te Whare Karakia o Santiago de Compostela i Pāniora he tauira whakamiharo o tēnei momo.
Heoi, i waenganui o te rautau 12, ka tīmata te whanake o te momo Gothic, e tohuhia ana e ngā āwhata koi, ngā matapihi karaihe whakairo nui, me ngā poupou rere, e āhei ai te hanga whare teitei ake, kanapa ake. Ko te Whare Karakia o Notre-Dame i Parī me te Whare Karakia o Chartres he tauira rongonui o te hoahoanga Gothic whakamiharo. Nā ēnei auahatanga hanganga i āhei ai te hanga i ngā wāhi o roto he nui ake te mana me te ngaro, e hanga ana i te hohonutanga hohonu i roto i ngā wāhi karakia.
Te Renaissance me te Classicism
Nā te hoahoanga o te wā Renaissance i whakaora anō ngā mātāpono o te hoahoanga Kariki me Rōmana tawhito, engari me te aro nui ki te ōwehenga, te ōritetanga, me te rangimārie. Nā ngā kaihoahoa pērā i a Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, me Michelangelo i kawe mai te hoahoanga ki tētahi ao ataahua hou, i ahu mai i ngā whakatutukitanga o te pūtaiao me te whakaaro nui.
Ko te tauira tino rongonui o tēnei wā ko te Whare Karakia o Florence (Duomo), i hangaia e Brunelleschi. Ko tōna kāpura nui tētahi o ngā mea whakamiharo hangarau o tōna wā. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te Whare Karakia o Hato Pita i te Vatican, he mahi tahi nā ētahi kaihoahoa rongonui o te wā Renaissance, e whakaatu ana i te ranunga o te mahi karakia me te tohu o te mana whakapono.
Baroque me Rococo
I muri i te Renaissance, ka uru atu ngā hoahoanga Pākehā ki ngā wā Baroque, ā, muri iho ko te wā Rococo. He tino rerekē ēnei momo e rua, engari kotahi te mea e rite ana: i whakanuia e rāua te hononga i waenga i te toi me te kare ā-roto. He mea whakaari, he mea nui hoki ngā āhuatanga o ngā whare Baroque. Ko ngā āhua piko, ko ngā whakapaipai whakanuia, me te takaro o te mārama me te pōuri i hangaia hei waihanga i te pānga kare ā-roto kaha. Ko te Whare Ariki o Versailles i Parani me te Whare Karakia o Hato Paora i Rānana he tauira pai o ngā hoahoanga Baroque.
Ko te Rococo ia, he māmā ake, he whakapaipai ake, he ātaahua ake. Ko tēnei momo kāhua he aro ki ngā taipitopito whakapaipai pai, ki ngā tae pastel, me te whakamahinga o ngā whakaata hei waihanga i te āhua o te wāhi nui ake. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui o te momo Rococo ko te Palais Schönbrunn o Vienna, e whakaatu ana i te papai me te huatau.
Hoahoanga Hou: Mai i te Mahi Whaitake ki te Wetehanga
I te taenga mai o te rautau 20, i huri te hoahoanga i te whānautanga mai o te kaupapa hou. Nā ngā tino tangata pērā i a Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, me Frank Lloyd Wright i whakahou te hoahoanga me ngā mātāpono hou e aro ana ki te mahi, te auahatanga hangarau, me te māmā o te āhua. I roto i tana pukapuka "Vers une architecture", i whakauru a Le Corbusier i te ariā o te "Mīhini mō te Noho," e kī ana ko te kāinga he mīhini whai hua mō te oranga o ia rā. Ko ngā whare pērā i te Villa Savoye me Fallingwater i noho hei tohu mō te hou, e whakakotahi ana i te rangimarie i waenga i te wāhi, te mahi, me te taiao e karapoti ana.
I te taha o ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā huringa pāpori, i puta ake ngā momo momo hoahoanga hou-muri-hou, he maha atu ngā momo whakamātautau me ngā momo kanorau, pērā i te Brutalism, i whakanui i te ataahua o ngā āhua taratara me te raima whakakikoruatia. Ko tētahi atu kaupapa, ko te Deconstruction, i rongonuihia e ngā kaihoahoa pērā i a Frank Gehry rāua ko Zaha Hadid, i wero i ngā tikanga hoahoanga me ngā āhua āhua koretake, rerekē engari he māia. Ko ngā tauira rongonui o te momo Deconstructionist ko te Whare Taonga Guggenheim i Bilbao me te Heydar Aliyev Center i Baku.
Whakamutunga
Mai i ngā wā onamata ki tēnei wā, ko te haerenga o te hoahoanga he whakaata i te haerenga o te ahurea tangata. He karere, he uara, he ahurei hoki kei ia wā, kei ia momo hoahoanga, e raranga ana i tētahi hītori toi whai rawa, whakamīharo hoki. Ehara i te mea ko ngā otinga mahi anake te whakarato a te hoahoanga mō te oranga, engari he tohu anō hoki mō ngā wawata, te tuakiri, me te wairua auaha o tētahi iwi. Nō reira, ko te mātakitaki me te ako i te hoahoanga he nui atu i te mātakitaki noa i ngā wāhanga ā-tinana o ngā whare; he ngana ki te mārama ki te kōrero roa o ngā whakatutukitanga a te tangata kua whakairohia ki te kōhatu, te maitai, me te karāhe.
