Te Hanganga Pūkino me ōna Pānga Hapori
Ko te hoahoanga Brutalist, te Brutalism rānei, he kaupapa hoahoanga i puta ake i waenganui o te rautau 20, inā koa mai i ngā tau 1950 ki ngā tau 1970. E mōhiotia ana te hoahoanga Brutalist mō tana whakaaturanga pono o ngā rauemi me te whakamahinga o ngā āhua āhuahanga nui, me te whakaatu i te raima whakakitenga hei huānga matua. Ahakoa i whakanuia te momo mō tōna mahi me tōna maia, i roto i te wā, kua puta mai hoki ngā whakaaro me ngā whakahē rerekē mō tōna pānga ki te hapori.
Ngā Takenga Mai me ngā Āhuatanga o te Brutalist
I ahu mai te kupu "Brutalism" i te kupu Wīwī "béton brut," ko tōna tikanga he "raima mata." E whakanui ana tēnei momo hoahoa i te mātāpono o te pono o ngā rauemi—e whakaatu ana i te hanganga o te whare i tōna āhua tonu, me te kore he uhi, he whakapaipai rānei. Nō reira, ko ngā whare Brutalist he mea hanga ki te raima kitea, i ētahi wā ka whakauruhia he pereki, he karāhe, he maitai, he rakau rānei hei huānga tāpiri.
Ko ngā kaihoahoa matua pērā i a Le Corbusier, Alison rāua ko Peter Smithson, me Erno Goldfinger ngā tino tangata i roto i te whanaketanga o te hoahoanga Brutalist. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ā rātou mahi i ngā hanganga nunui, ngā āhua ā-irahiko whakamiharo, me te arotahi ki te whai huatanga me te mahi. E kitea ana ēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā kaupapa mai i ngā whare noho tūmatanui me ngā whare kāwanatanga ki ngā whare wānanga me ngā toa hokohoko.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui o te hoahoanga Brutalist ko te Kura Hunstanton i Ingarangi, i hangaia e Alison rāua ko Peter Smithson i te tau 1954. E whakaatu ana tēnei whare i te mauri o te hoahoanga Brutalist, e whakatairanga ana i te māmā, te whai hua, me ngā rauemi e kitea ana. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te Whare Wānanga Berlage i Netherlands, i hangaia e H.F. Koolhaas, ā, i whakarerekētia e Willem Marinus Dudok.
Te Pānga Hapori o te Hanganga Brutalist
He nui te pānga o te hoahoanga brutalist ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga pāpori, mai i te tirohanga ataahua ki te mahi pāpori. Anei ētahi o ngā pānga pāpori tino kitea:
1. Te Tirohanga a te Iwi
I ōna rā tōmua, i kitea te hoahoanga Brutalist hei tohu mō te ahunga whakamua me te ao hou. Heoi, i roto i te wā, ka huri te tirohanga a te marea ki te huarahi kāore i te pai. Ko ngā āhua raima me ngā āhua āhua koi i kitea he mea kāore i te manakohia, he mea whakamataku hoki. He maha ngā tāngata i noho motuhake ki te āhua nui, ā, i ētahi wā he whakamataku o ēnei hanganga.
2. Te Raruraru Whare me ngā Rongoā Hapori
I puta ake te hoahoanga brutalist i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i te wā i pāngia ai te maha o ngā whenua e te raruraru whare. He otinga tere, he otinga whai hua hoki ngā whare brutalist ki te whakarato whare noho. Me te arotahi ki ngā ratonga, he maha ngā whare Brutalist i hangaia ki ngā tāone nui hei wāhanga o ngā kaupapa whare hapori. Heoi, ahakoa i te tīmatanga i whakaarohia hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga, he maha o ēnei whare i muri mai i pāngia e ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te tiaki me te ātete ki te huarere, ka hua ake te kino o ngā āhuatanga noho me te pikinga o ngā reiti hara.
3. Ngā Whare Tūmatanui me te Hononga Hapori
Ko ētahi o ngā whare Brutalist, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahia ana hei wāhi tūmatanui pēnei i ngā whare pukapuka, ngā kura, me ngā pokapū hapori, kua noho hei pokapū angitu mō te oranga hapori. Nā ō rātou hoahoa whai hua me ngā wāhi whānui ka taea te whakamahi ngāwari mō ngā momo mahi. Heoi, ko ō rātou hoahoa motuhake me te whakahirahira he maha ngā wā ka hangaia he arai hinengaro mō ētahi wāhanga o te hapori, ka aukati i a rātou ki te whakamahi katoa i ēnei whare.
4. Te Awe ki te Hinengaro o te Kainoho
He maha ngā wā ka pā te pakari me te iti o ngā whakapaipai o te hoahoa Brutalist ki te hinengaro o ngā kainoho me ngā kaiwhakamahi. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ka pā te taiao kino me te hoha ki te wairua me te whanonga o te tangata. Ko ngā whare he iti te māramatanga taiao me te āhua hoha ka arahi ki ngā kare ā-roto o te pouri, o te manukanuka rānei. I ētahi wā, ka pā tēnei ki te taunekeneke pāpori me te whai wāhi a te hapori.
5. Te Urupare ki te Āhua Noho o te Ao Hou
E whakaata ana hoki te hoahoanga Brutalist i te urupare ki ngā momo āhua noho hurihuri o te hapori hou. Ko te whakamahinga o te raima pakari me te hoahoa mahi e whakaata ana i te hiahia mō ngā whare e taea ai te whakauru i te taupori e tipu haere ana me te noho pukumahi. Heoi, he tokomaha e whakaaro ana kāore tēnei momo e aro ki ngā āhuatanga ataahua e taea ai te whakarato i te ahuareka tirohanga me te whakamarie kare ā-roto, ka kore e hototahi ki te hiahia o te tangata mō te ataahua me te mahana i te wāhi.
6. Te Whakaora me te Tiaki
I te mutunga, he maha ngā whare Brutalist i tiakina, ā, i arohia anō hoki e ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaituhi hītori. I te mōhio ki ō rātou uara hītori me te uara hoahoanga, ka tīmata ētahi tāone ki te whakaora me te urutau i ngā whare Brutalist mō ngā mahi hou e tika ana mō te ao o nāianei. Nā ēnei tauira o te whakaoranga i āwhina i te iwi kia kite i ngā whare Brutalist mai i tētahi tirohanga rerekē, me te maioha ki ō rātou uara toi me te uara mahi i roto i tētahi horopaki hou ake.
Te Katinga
He kaupapa whakahirahira te hoahoanga Brutalist i whakarei ake i te taonga tuku iho hoahoa o te ao me ōna āhuatanga ahurei me te tautohenga. Ahakoa te nui o te tautohetohe me te tirohanga kino a te marea, kāore e taea te wareware i tōna awe ki te whanaketanga o ngā tāone me te whakarato i ngā whare tūmatanui.
He rerekē te pānga pāpori o te hoahoanga Brutalist i runga i te horopaki me te whiwhinga a te hapori. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakamoemiti me te whakahē e pā ana ki te hoahoanga Brutalist e whakaako ana i a tātou kia whakaarohia tonutia te taurite i waenga i te ataahua, te mahi, me te whakamarie i roto i ia mahi hoahoanga. I roto i te hoahoa mō te heke mai, mā te mārama ki ngā akoranga o mua, pērā i te wā Brutalist, ka āwhina i ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ki te waihanga i ngā wāhi pai ake mō te katoa.
