Te Whaipara Tangata me te Rangahau i ngā Rohe Tāone nui
Ko te whaipara tangata te ako pūtaiao o te hītori o te tangata mā te keri me te tātari i ngā taonga tuku iho, ngā hoahoanga, ngā raraunga koiora, me ngā whenua. I roto i te horopaki o te tāone nui o ēnei rā, kei te tere haere te horapa o te peka o te whaipara tangata tāone, ā, kei te whiwhi aro whānuitia. Ko te whaipara tangata tāone, e tirotiro ana i ngā toenga ahurea i roto i te horopaki matawhenua o ngā tāone, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki te hanga, te whakahaere, me te tupu o ngā hapori o mua i roto i ngā taiao tāone nui. Ko te rangahau i ngā rohe tāone nui ka whakatuwhera i ngā matapihi hou ki ngā hītori e huna tonu ana i raro i te ngangau me te pukumahi o ngā tāone nui.
1. He aha te Tātaritanga Whenua o te Tāone?
Ko te whaipara tangata o te tāone he wāhanga iti o te whaipara tangata e aro ana ki te tūhura, te keri, me te tātari i ngā rauemi e kitea ana i ngā tāone nui. Ko te whāinga o tēnei whaipara tangata he hura i ngā paparanga o te hītori kei raro i ngā tāone hou. He hītori ahurei tō ia tāone ka taea te whakaatu mā te rangahau whaipara tangata, ahakoa he turanga whare tawhito, he tiriti tawhito kua kapi i te raima hou, tae atu ki ngā taonga o ia rā pēnei i te uku, ngā taputapu, me ngā taonga hokohoko.
I te tipu haere tonu me te huri haere o ngā tāone nui, ka kohikohi ēnei paparanga hītori, ka whakakotahi i ngā wā rerekē. Hei tauira, mā ngā keri i Rōma ka kitea ngā paparanga mai i ngā wā o Rōma, o te Waenganui, me te Renaissance, katoa i te wāhi kotahi.
2. Tikanga Rangahau
He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te rangahau whaipara tangata i ngā tāone nui, arā, ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā tikanga hou. Ko tētahi tikanga tuku iho ko te keri stratigraphic, arā, ka kerihia e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ngā paparanga oneone hei tuhi me te tātari i ngā kitenga.
He mea nui anō hoki te hangarau hou ki te whaipara tangata o ngā tāone. Mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) me te Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) ka taea e ngā kaiwhaipara tangata te tiro i ngā hanganga e huna ana i raro i te mata me te kore e keri nui. Mā te whakamahinga o ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) ka āwhina hoki i te tātari i ngā raraunga ā-wāhi me te ā-wā kia pai ake ai te whai hua.
3. Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi
Ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakahaere rangahau whaipara tangata i roto i tētahi tāone nui. He maha ngā wero me aro atu, ko tētahi o ēnei ko te whanaketanga o ēnei rā, e whakarerekē tonu ana, e whakangaro ana hoki i ngā wāhi tuku iho. Ko te whiwhi whakaaetanga mai i te kāwanatanga me ngā rōpū e pā ana ka waiho hei arai, i runga i ngā pānga ōhanga me te pāpori ki te whanaketanga o ngā tāone nui.
Heoi anō, he nui anō ngā whai wāhitanga. Nā te nui o te taupori e noho ana i ngā tāone nui, he nui ake te kaha o te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā tohunga whaipara tangata, ngā kaituhi hītori, me te marea whānui. Mā ngā kaupapa whaipara tangata whai wāhi, e whai wāhi ai ngā kainoho o te rohe ki ngā kaupapa, ka taea te tāpiri i tētahi taha hou ki te rangahau me te whakarite kia tiakina ngā wāhi.
4. Akoranga Take: Te Tāone Tawhito o Jakarta
Ko tētahi tauira o ngā rangahau whaipara tangata o ngā tāone nui i Initonīhia kei te Tāone Tawhito o Jakarta. Kua hurahia e ngā kerihanga te hītori roa me te uaua o Jakarta, i mua ko Batavia. Ko te whakatūnga o te tāone e te Kamupene Inia Rawhiti o Tatimana (VOC) i te rautau 17 e whakarato ana i tētahi tirohanga hōhonu ki te wā koroni o Tatimana.
Kua kitea ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i te Tāone Tawhito o Jakarta, mai i ngā uku Pākehā me Haina tae atu ki ngā taonga o ia rā e whakamahia ana e ngā tāngata whenua. Mā ngā hanganga o ngā whare, ngā pakitara, me ngā awa wai ka kitea anō hoki te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga. He pānga nui tō tēnei rangahau ki te mārama ki te hītori ahurea maha me ngā whanaketanga pāpori-ōhanga i te wā koroni.
5. Te Hiranga o te Rangahau Whaipara Tangata o te Tāone
He mea nui te rangahau whaipara tangata o ngā tāone mō ētahi take. Tuatahi, ka āwhina i te tiaki i te taonga tuku iho ahurea i raro i ngā tāone hou i mua i te ngaronga atu i te whanaketanga me ngā mahi a te tangata. Mā te keri me te tuhi, ka taea te tiaki me te ako i ngā kōrero whai hua mō ngā wā o mua e ngā reanga o muri mai.
Tuarua, ka whakaratohia hoki e tēnei rangahau he tirohanga hou mō te whanaketanga pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū o ngā hapori tāone nui. Mā te mārama ki te whanaketanga o ngā tāone nui i roto i te wā, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi māramatanga whai hua mō ngā wero me ngā otinga i pā ki ngā hapori o mua, ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā horopaki o ēnei rā.
Tuatoru, ka taea e te rangahau whaipara tangata o te tāone te whakarei ake i te tuakiri ā-rohe me te whakahīhī. Mā te whakauru i ngā hapori o te rohe ki te rangahau ka āwhina i te pupuri i tō rātou hononga ki tō rātou hītori me te taonga tuku iho, me te whakatairanga anō hoki i te mātauranga me te mōhiotanga ahurea.
6. Te Mahi Ngātahi Maha-mātauranga
Kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā rangahau whaipara tangata o ngā tāone nui me te kore he mahi tahi a ngā tini marautanga. Ka mahi tahi ngā tohunga whaipara tangata me ngā kaituhi hītori, ngā kaihoahoa, ngā miihini, me ngā kaitiaki taiao kia whiwhi ai i tētahi tirohanga whānui o te hītori o te tāone. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kaitiaki taiao te āwhina ki te tautuhi i te huringa āhuarangi, i ngā tauira whakamahinga whenua tawhito rānei i awe i te whanaketanga o tētahi tāone.
He mea nui ake hoki te mahi tahi me ngā tohunga hangarau mōhiohio me te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga tātari raraunga nui. Ka taea te whakakotahi me te tātari i ngā raraunga mai i ngā momo puna, pēnei i ngā tuhinga hītori, ngā whakaahua amiorangi, me ngā hua keri, kia kitea ai ngā tauira me ngā hononga kāore i kitea i mua.
7. Te Anamata o te Arorangi Tāone
He mārama te āhua o te heke mai o te whaipara tangata o ngā tāone, me te nui o te pūmanawa e tukuna ana e ngā hangarau hou. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā waka rererangi mō te mahere rererangi ka taea te whakarato i ngā tirohanga taipitopito o te hanganga me te āhua o ngā wāhi me te kore e wawao tika. Mā te whanaketanga o ngā tauira toru-ahu me te mooni mariko (VR) ka taea hoki e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata me te marea whānui te "hikoi ki roto" i ngā wā o mua me te kite i te whanaketanga o ngā tāone i roto i te wā.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te mōhio haere tonu o ngā tāone nui ki te hiranga o te tiaki me te whakaute i ō rātou taonga tuku iho kua ara ake te ara mō ngā kaupapa keri whenua tāone nui. Kei te tīmata ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga kore huri noa i te ao ki te mōhio ki te uara ōhanga me te uara mātauranga o te tiaki i ngā wāhi tuku iho i roto i ngā pokapū tāone nui.
Te Katinga
He nui ngā takoha a te rangahau whaipara tangata me te keri whenua i ngā tāone nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te hītori o te tangata. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā hangarau matatau, ka taea e ngā tohunga keri whenua te hura i ngā paparanga huna o mua i raro i te ao hou. Ahakoa ngā wero, he nui ngā whai wāhitanga o tēnei rangahau hei whakarei ake i tō tātou mōhiotanga ki te hītori o te ao tāone, me te whakarite kia tiakina te taonga tuku iho mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
Mā te mahi tahi a te tini me te hapori, ehara i te mea he taputapu pūtaiao anake te whaihanga o ngā tāone nui, engari he piriti hoki i waenganui i te hītori me te ao o nāianei, e hono tata atu ana i a tātou ki ō tātou pūtake hītori me tō tātou tuakiri.
