Te Arorangi me te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
Ko te whaipara tangata me te ariā whanaketanga he peka e rua o te pūtaiao e kiia ana he rerekē, he rerekē pea tetahi ki tetahi. Heoi, he tata te whanaungatanga, ā, he tautoko tetahi i tetahi i roto i te āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hītori o te tangata i runga i te Ao. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te mahi tahi a te whaipara tangata me te ariā whanaketanga ki te hura i ngā takenga mai o te tangata me te whanaketanga ahurea mai i ngā wā o mua ki tēnei rā.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Arorangi
Ko te whaipara tangata te ako i ngā āhuatanga o mua o te tangata mā te tātari i ngā rauemi me ngā taonga tuku iho i mahue iho i ngā taupori onamata. Kei roto i ēnei taonga ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā uku, ngā whare, tae atu ki ngā toenga tangata me ngā kararehe. Mā roto i ēnei kitenga, ka ngana ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te mārama ki te noho, te mahi, me te taunekeneke a te tangata ki tōna taiao.
I tīmata te mahi whaipara tangata i te wā o te Renaissance, i te wā i tīmata ai ngā kaihaerere me ngā kaituhi hītori ki te keri i ngā ururua tawhito o Rōmana me Kariki hei rapu i ngā taonga tuku iho me ngā tuhituhinga. Heoi, tae noa ki te rautau 19 ka noho hei peka pūtaiao pūnaha me te hanganga. Tae noa ki tēnei rā, kei te whanake tonu te mahi whaipara tangata, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te whakaahua amiorangi, te LIDAR, me te tātaritanga DNA tawhito hei hura i ngā mea ngaro o mua.
Te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
I tētahi atu taha, ko te ariā o te whanaketanga he ariā pūtaiao e whakamārama ana i te whanaketanga o ngā mea ora, tae atu ki te tangata, mai i tētahi momo ki tētahi atu mā te tukanga kōwhiringa taiao. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Charles Darwin mō tana ariā o te whanaketanga, i whakaputaina i roto i tana pukapuka "On the Origin of Species" i te tau 1859. Mai i taua wā, kua noho te ariā o te whanaketanga hei turanga mō te koiora o ēnei rā.
E ai ki te ariā o te whanaketanga, i ahu mai ngā tāngata hou (Homo sapiens) i ngā tūpuna o ngā pirimia i noho miriona tau ki muri. Mā roto i ngā kōiwi kua kitea me te tātarihia, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whai i te huringa o te momo tangata i roto i te wā hei whakautu ki tōna taiao me ngā hiahia urutau.
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Arorangi me te Ariā o te Whanaketanga
Ahakoa te āhua rerekē o ēnei kaupapa, he hononga tata te whaipara tangata me te ariā whanaketanga i roto i te ako i te hītori o te tangata. Ka whakaratohia e te whaipara tangata ngā taunakitanga ā-tinana i roto i te ahua o ngā taonga tuku iho me ngā kōiwi e tautoko ana i ngā ariā whanaketanga, ko te ariā whanaketanga ia ka whakaratohia he anga pūtaiao hei mārama ki ngā kitenga whaipara tangata.
1. Te Kitea o ngā Kōhatu Tuturu me ngā Taunakitanga o te Whanaketanga
Ko tētahi tauira tūturu ko te kitenga o ngā kōiwi hominin (tūpuna tangata) i ngā wāhi keri whenua rerekē i Āwherika me Āhia. Kei roto i ēnei kōiwi, tae atu ki ngā momo pērā i a Australopithecus, Homo habilis, me Homo erectus, ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whanaketanga o te tangata. Mā te tātari i ēnei kōiwi ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te mārama me pēhea te hikoi tika o ēnei momo, te whakamahi i ngā taputapu māmā, me te whakawhanake i ngā roro nui ake.
2. Ngā Taonga Tuku Iho me te Whakawhanaketanga Ahurea
Mā ngā taonga tuku iho i kitea i roto i ngā kerihanga whaipara tangata ka kitea anō hoki ngā māramatanga ki te whanaketanga o te ahurea tangata. Ko ngā taputapu kōhatu māmā i kitea i ngā wāhi whaipara tangata Paleolithic e tohu ana i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu e Homo habilis me Homo erectus. I roto i te wā, ka nui haere te uaua me te matatau o ēnei taputapu, e tohu ana i te whanaketanga o te pūkenga ā-ringa me te mātauranga hinengaro.
I te wā Neolithic, tata ki te 10.000 tau ki muri, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakatipu hua me te whakatū i ngā kāinga tūturu. He pikinga nui tēnei i roto i te whanaketanga ahurea tangata e mōhiotia ana ko te Huringa Neolithic. Kei roto i ngā taunakitanga whaipara tangata mai i tēnei wā ngā toenga o ngā witi kua whakatōkia, ngā whare tawhito, me ngā taputapu ahuwhenua.
3. Ngā Ira me te Arorangi
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga hou e whakaatu ana i te hononga i waenga i te whaipara tangata me te ariā whanaketanga ko te tātaritanga DNA tawhito. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te tango i te DNA mai i ngā kōiwi tangata tawhito me te whakarite ki te DNA o ngā tāngata o ēnei rā. Kua whakakitea e tēnei rangahau te whanaungatanga ira i waenga i ngā tāngata o ēnei rā me ngā Neanderthal, tae atu ki te hekenga o ngā taupori tangata huri noa i te ao.
Hei tauira, ko ngā kitenga DNA mai i ngā wāhi keri whenua i Siberia e tohu ana i te whakawhiti ira i waenga i te tangata hou me ngā Denisovan, he momo hominin i noho ki Āhia i mua. Mā ēnei kitenga ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ake mō ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā momo tangata onamata me te pānga o tēnei ki ngā ira tangata o ēnei rā.
4. Paleoanthropology: Te Huinga o te Arorangi me te Koiora
Ko te paleoanthropology he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i te whanaketanga o te tangata mā te rangahau ngātahi i ngā kōiwi tawhito, ngā ira, me ngā taonga tuku iho a te ahurea. He tauira tēnei o te whakakotahitanga o te keri whenua me te ariā whanaketanga hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia whānui o te hītori o te tangata.
Mā te ako i ngā angaanga tawhito, ka taea e ngā tohunga paleoanthropology te mārama ki te āhua o te panonitanga o te āhua o te upoko me te roro o te tangata i roto i te wā. I taua wā, ka whakaratohia e ngā taonga ahurea he horopaki mō te pānga o ēnei panonitanga ki te whanonga me te oranga o te tangata . Mā tēnei huinga o ngā raraunga whaipara tangata me te koiora ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te whanaketanga o te tangata, ehara i te mea ā-tinana anake, engari ā-hinengaro me te pāpori hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whaipara tangata me te ariā whanaketanga he mara e rua o te pūtaiao e tautoko ana tetahi i tetahi i roto i te māramatanga ki te hītori o te tangata. Mā te kitenga o ngā kōiwi tawhito, ngā taonga tuku iho, me te tātari ira, ka taea e tātou te whai i te haerenga roa o te whanaketanga tangata mai i ō tātou tūpuna paramu ki te Homo sapiens matatini me te ahurea e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā.
Ehara i te mea he mea whakamīharo noa iho te ako i te whanaketanga o te tangata ki ngā kaipūtaiao, engari he pānga nui anō hoki ki te mārama ki tō tātou tuakiri hei momo, ki te āhua o tā tātou taunekeneke ki tō tātou taiao, me te āhua o tā tātou whanaketanga hei hapori. Kei te mahi tahi tonu ēnei marautanga e rua, me ā rāua huarahi, e hura ana i ngā mea ngaro o mua, e āwhina ana hoki i a tātou ki te whakatakoto i ngā mea ka taea mō te heke mai.
Nō reira, ehara te whaipara tangata me te ariā o te whanaketanga i ngā mara e rua motuhake, engari he taha e rua o te moni kotahi e whakaatu tahi ana i te hītori o te tangata i runga i tēnei ao.
