Te Whaipara Tangata me tōna Awe ki te Marautanga o te Kura
E māramahia ana te whaipara tangata ko te mahi keri i ngā taonga tawhito, te kimi i ngā kōiwi tawhito, te whai rānei i ngā toenga o ngā iwi o mua. Heoi, he whānui ake te tikanga tūturu o te whaipara tangata. Ko te whaipara tangata te pūtaiao e ako ana i te oranga o te tangata o mua mā roto i ngā toenga rauemi—pērā i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā uku, ngā whare, ngā tuhituhinga, me ngā pūnaha nohoanga. I roto i te horopaki mātauranga, ehara te whaipara tangata i te kōrero noa mō te "wā o mua tawhiti," engari he rauemi ako ka taea te hanga i te whakaaro arohaehae, te poipoi i te mātauranga ahurea, me te whakapakari i te tuakiri ā-motu. Nō reira, he nui te awe o te whaipara tangata ki te marautanga o te kura, hei kaupapa ako, hei huarahi ako whakawhiti-mātauranga hoki.
Te whaipara tangata hei piriti ki te mārama ki te hītori i roto i ngā kupu tuturu
I ngā kura, he maha ngā wā ka akohia te hītori mā roto i ngā tuhinga, ngā rārangi wā, me ngā kōrero nui mō ngā emepaea, ngā toa, ngā kaupapa tōrangapū rānei. Ka tāpirihia e te mātauranga whaipara tangata tēnei huarahi ki ngā taunakitanga tūturu. Hei tauira, ina ako ngā ākonga i te hītori o mua, mā te kōrero mō ngā toki ringaringa, ngā pahu parahi, ngā peita ana rānei ka āwhina i a rātou ki te mārama ehara tēnei wā i te "wā kāore i tuhia", engari he wāhanga roa o te whanaketanga tangata ka taea te whai mā roto i ngā taonga tuku iho. Mā ngā taunakitanga ā-tinana ka nui ake te tūnga me te ine o te hītori, me te whakaiti i te whakaaro ko te hītori he kōrero noa iho ka huri i runga i te tirohanga whānui.
E kitea ana tōna awe ki te marautanga i roto i ngā rangahau pāpori me te hītori o Initonīhia, tae atu ki ngā kōrero mō te hītori o mua o ngā moutere, ngā hekenga mai o ngā tāngata o Austronesia, te whanaketanga o te hangarau whakarewa, me ngā taunakitanga o ngā ahurea o mua. I konei, ko te whaipara tangata he tūāpapa pūtaiao mō te mārama ki ngā pūtake o te hapori Initonīhia, i mua noa atu i te wā i puta ai ngā tuhinga tuhituhi.
Te whakapakari i ngā pūkenga whakaaroaro matatika me ngā tikanga pūtaiao
Ka akiakihia e te rangahau whaipara tangata te whakaaro e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga. I roto i te rangahau whaipara tangata, kāore e taea te whakatau i tētahi whakatau mā te whakaaro noa iho; me tautokona e ngā raraunga mara, te horopaki o te kitenga, te paparanga whenua, te tau, me ngā whakataurite ki ētahi atu wāhi. Ina whakamahia tēnei mātāpono ki te marautanga kura, ka ako ngā ākonga kāore te mātauranga e whānau mai i te maumahara noa, engari mā te tukanga tirotiro, tātari, me te whakatau.
Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kaiako te whakauru i ngā ariā māmā pēnei i te: "He aha tā tātou e ako ai i tētahi oko uku?" Ka taea e ngā ākonga te matapaki i te āhua o te taonga, ngā tauira whakapaipai, ngā tikanga tahu ahi, me ngā mahi pea. Mai i reira, ka ako ngā ākonga ki te whakatakoto whakapae me te whakamātautau i ngā whakamārama pea. E hangai ana tēnei ki ngā whāinga mātauranga o ēnei rā e aro nui ana ki te mātauranga pūtaiao, ngā pūkenga whakaaro, me te whakapakari i ngā pūkenga whakaoti rapanga.
Nō reira, ko te noho mai o te whaipara tangata i roto i te marautanga, ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i ngā ihirangi anake, engari ka whakakaha ake hoki i te huarahi ako—mai i ngā kōrerorero e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, te tātari puna, tae atu ki ngā kaupapa rangahau iti.
Te whakatairanga i te mātauranga ahurea me te maioha ki te kanorau
He mano ngā moutere o Initonīhia, he rau ngā rōpū ahurea. E whakaatu ana te rangahau whaipara tangata he hohonu ngā pūtake o tēnei kanorau. Ko ngā wāhi nui o Sumatra, o Sulawesi, o Nusa Tenggara rānei; ngā tikanga hanga parahi; me ngā tohu o te hokohoko moana i te takutai raki o Java, o Maluku rānei—e whakaū ana katoa kua roa ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā rōpū. E whakaatu ana te rangahau whaipara tangata i tētahi hītori kāore i te arotahi ki tētahi rohe, engari he mosaic o ngā wheako tangata kanorau.
I roto i ngā marautanga kura, ka taea e tēnei te whakatenatena i tētahi kōrero hītori whānui ake. Ka taea e ngā ākonga o ngā rohe rerekē te kite kua whai wāhi tō rātou rohe ki te hītori o Initonīhia, ehara i te mea he "tāpiri" noa iho ki te kōrero matua. Ko te pānga pai ko te whakatipu i te whakahīhī ā-rohe me te kore e whakaiti i te tuakiri ā-motu. Mā te whaipara tangata ka āwhina i te hanga i tētahi wairua tuakiri hauora: te mōhio ki ōna ake pūtake ahurea me te whakaute i ngā rerekētanga.
Te whakapiki i te mōhiotanga ki te tiaki i ngā taonga tuku iho
Ko tētahi o ngā painga nui o te whakauru i te mātauranga whaipara tangata ki roto i te marautanga ko te whakanui ake i te mōhiotanga ki ngā taonga tuku iho. He maha ngā wāhi me ngā taonga tuku iho e pakaru ana, ehara i te mea nā ngā āhuatanga taiao anake, engari nā te kore māramatanga o te marea: te mahi tūkino, te hopu kararehe, te whanaketanga e kore e aro ki ngā whakaaro taiao me ngā tikanga ahurea, tae atu ki te hokohoko ture kore o ngā taonga tuku iho. Mena ka mārama ngā ākonga ki te uara o te taonga tuku iho mai i te tamarikitanga, ka nui ake tō rātou aro ki te hiranga o te tiaki i ngā wāhi, ngā whare taonga, ngā rāhui ahurea, me ngā tikanga tuku iho o te rohe.
Ka taea e te marautanga te whakauru i te mātauranga tiaki taiao mā roto i ngā kaupapa kura, ngā haerenga ki ngā whare taonga, ngā mahi mahere rānei o ngā wāhi tawhito o ngā rohe o ngā ākonga. Mā ēnei mahi ka noho piripono, ka whai tikanga hoki te tiaki taiao. Kāore te whaipara tangata i te ao mātauranga anake, engari kua noho hei pūtaiao tūmatanui me te kawenga pāpori.
Te whaipara tangata hei hononga whakawhiti-kaupapa
E kitea ana hoki te awe o te mātauranga whaipara tangata ki te marautanga i roto i te kaha o te whakaurunga whakawhiti-mātauranga. Ka hono te mātauranga whaipara tangata ki te whenua (ngā whenua me ngā tauira nohoanga), te koiora (ngā toenga kararehe, te mātauranga paleoanthropology), te matū (tātari rauemi, tiaki taiao), te pāngarau (ine me te mahere), tae noa ki te toi (whakapaipai, hoahoanga, whakaahua tohu). Mā te huarahi kaupapa-ā-roto, ka taea e ngā ākonga te tūhura i tētahi kaupapa whaipara tangata mai i ngā koki maha.
Hei tauira, ko te ako mō te Temepara o Borobudur ka uru pea ki: te hītori whakapono me te hītori kingi, ngā tikanga hanga kōhatu, te tohu whakairo, me te pānga o te tūruhi ki te tiaki i te taiao. Ehara i te mea ko te maumahara noa iho a ngā ākonga ki ngā meka, engari ko te mārama hoki ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i te ahurea, te hangarau, te taiao, me te ōhanga. E hangai ana tēnei tauira ako ki te arotahi o te marautanga ki te whakapakari i ngā pūkenga, te mahi tahi, me te māramatanga horopaki.
Te whakaora i te ako mā te wheako tika
He pai te whaipara tangata mō te ako mā roto i ngā wheako. Mā ngā mahi pēnei i te kerihanga whakatauira, te tātari i ngā taonga tārua, te waihanga mahere papaanga māmā, ngā rangahau take rānei mō ngā kitenga whaipara tangata ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai wāhi a ngā ākonga. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka māmā ake te mārama o ngā ākonga ki ngā ariā ina "mahi" rātou, kaua ki te "rongo noa."
Ka taea hoki e ngā kura te mahi tahi me ngā whare taonga, ngā pokapū tiaki ahurea, ngā rōpū hītori ā-rohe rānei. Ehara i te mea ko ngā haerenga ki ngā whare taonga he mahi whakangahau noa iho, engari he mahi arotahi: ka tukuna ngā mahi ki ngā ākonga ki te tirotiro, ki te tuhi pūrongo, ki te whakaatu rānei i ā rātou whakamāramatanga mō ngā kohinga motuhake. Ka whakatairanga hoki tēnei i ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mātauranga mōhiohio.
Ngā wero o te whakatinanatanga o te mātauranga whaipara tangata ki roto i te marautanga
Ahakoa tōna kaha nui, he maha tonu ngā wero kei te toe. Tuatahi, he iti ngā rauemi: kāore i te katoa o ngā kura e whai wāhi atu ki ngā whare taonga, ki ngā wāhi, ki ngā rauemi ako rānei e tika ana. Tuarua, ko te whakarite a ngā kaiako: me mārama ki ngā tikanga me te horopaki te whakaako i te whaipara tangata, kia kore ai e noho hei "kōrero mō ngā taonga tawhito" noa iho. Tuatoru, ko te mōrearea o te whakangawari rawa: he pūtaiao uaua te whaipara tangata; ki te whakaaturia noa iho, ka taea e ngā ākonga te whakawhanake i ngā whakaaro hē, pērā i te whakaaro he kotahi te whakamaoritanga, he tino tika o ngā kitenga katoa.
Ko te otinga he whakarato i ngā kaupapa whakaako horopaki, he whakangungu kaiako, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi matihiko pēnei i ngā haerenga whare taonga mariko, ngā mapi tauwhitiwhiti, me ngā ataata tuhinga pono. Ka taea e te hangarau te whakaiti i ngā herenga ā-rohe, ka taea ai e ngā ākonga o tētahi rohe te pārekareka ki tētahi wheako ako ōrite.
Whakamutunga
He pānga nui tō te ako whaipara tangata ki ngā marautanga kura nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakapakari ake i te ako hītori, te whakatairanga i te whakaaro arohaehae e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga, te whakatairanga i te mātauranga ahurea, me te whakawhanake i te mōhiotanga ki te tiaki i ngā taonga tuku iho ahurea. Ehara i te mea ko ngā rauemi tāpiri anake, ka tukuna e te ako whaipara tangata he huarahi whakawhiti-mātauranga e hono ana i te pūtaiao, i ngā mahi ā-tangata, me te mātauranga āhua. Mā te huarahi tika—mā roto i ngā kaupapa, ngā haerenga, ngā mahi tahi, me ngā pāpāho matihiko—ka taea e te ako whaipara tangata te noho hei mea nui ki te whakapakari ake i te mātauranga, te whai tikanga, me te whai tikanga mō ngā ākonga o ēnei rā.
