Kaupapahere mō te Whakahoki i ngā Taonga Tawhito me te Arorangi
Ehara i te mea ko te keri me te kimi taonga tawhito anake te kaupapa o te whaipara tangata. E pā ana hoki ki te whakamārama a ngā hapori hou i ngā kōrero o mua, ko wai kei a rātou te mana ki te pupuri i taua taonga tuku iho, me te pehea e taea ai e ngā taonga tuku iho te noho hei puna mātauranga, hei tohu tuakiri hoki. I ngā tekau tau tata nei, ko tētahi o ngā take nui i roto i ngā kōrero whaipara tangata o te ao ko te kaupapa here mō te whakahoki mai i ngā taonga tuku iho: te whakahokinga mai o ngā taonga tuku iho mai i ngā whare taonga, i ngā kaikohi taonga, i ngā whenua rānei e puritia ana i ēnei wā, ki ō rātou hapori, ki ngā whenua taketake rānei. Kei roto i tēnei tautohetohe ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao, matatika, ture, tōrangapū, tae noa ki te ōhanga.
Te Whaipara Tangata hei Pūtaiao Matatika me te Mahi
I roto i te pūtaiao, ko te whāinga o te whaipara tangata he hanga anō i te oranga o te tangata o mua mā roto i ngā rauemi ahurea: ngā uku, ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā tuhituhinga, ngā wheua, me ngā whare. Heoi, kei te whakanui haere ngā mahi whaipara tangata o ēnei rā i te hiranga o ngā tikanga matatika rangahau. Ehara ngā taonga tuku iho i te "taonga tūmatanui"; he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki ngā tikanga tuku iho, ki te wairuatanga, me te maharatanga o tētahi hapori. Nō reira, he mea nui te āhua o te kitenga, te tuhi, te kawe, me te whakaatu i ngā taonga tuku iho.
I te wā o te koroni, he nui te kohikohi taonga tuku iho i roto i ngā whanaungatanga mana kore taurite. He maha ngā haerenga pūtaiao, te hokohoko taonga tuku iho, me ngā "koha" ā-iwi i noho tahi me te mahi kino tōrangapū. He maha ngā kohinga nui i roto i ngā whare taonga nui o te ao i whakatūria i tēnei wā. I tēnei wā, ka ara ake te pātai i tēnei āhuatanga: he tika tonu te mana pupuri i ngā taonga tuku iho i riro mai i roto i ngā horopaki koroni?
He aha te Whakahokinga Mai o Ngā Taonga Tawhito?
Ko te whakahokinga mai i ngā taonga tuku iho e pā ana ki te whakahokinga mai o ngā taonga tuku iho ki tō rātou wāhi taketake, ki tō rātou whenua taketake, ki tētahi hapori taketake rānei. He maha ngā momo whakahokinga mai: te whakahokinga tūturu, te nama mō te wā roa, te tiaki tahi, te whakahokinga mai rānei o ngā toenga me ngā taonga tapu kāore e tika ana mō te whakaaturanga a te marea.
He rerekē ngā kaupapa mō te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga. Mō ngā whenua, mō ngā hapori rānei o te whenua taketake, ko te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga te tikanga he whakahokinga mai i te mana, he whakatika i ngā hē o mua, me te whakahoki mai i ngā mātauranga kua ngaro. Mō te hunga e pupuri ana i ngā taonga tuku iho, ka kitea te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga hei tūponotanga o te ngaronga o ngā kohinga, te whakaiti i te ataahua o te whare taonga, te wehi rānei kei kore e tiakina tika ngā taonga tuku iho. Nā tēnei ka uaua te kaupapa here whakahokinga mai, ehara i te mea he "whakahoki taonga" noa iho.
Anga Ture me te Kaupapa Here o te Ao
I roto i ngā mahi kaupapa here, he hononga tata te whakahokinga mai ki te ture o te ao me ngā ture ā-motu. Ko tētahi tohutoro nui ko te Kawenata UNESCO o te tau 1970 mō te Whakakore me te Ārai i te Kawemai me te Kaweake Turekore me te Whakawhiti i te Mana o ngā Taonga Ahurea. E akiaki ana tēnei Kawenata i ngā whenua ki te whakahaere i te hokohoko taonga tuku iho, me te whakahaere i te whakahokinga mai o ngā taonga ahurea i riro turekoretia.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka whakapakari te Kawenata UNIDROIT o te tau 1995 i ngā tikanga mō te whakahoki mai i ngā taonga tuku iho i tahaetia, i kaweake turekoretia rānei, tae atu ki te whakahokinga ki ngā kaipupuri tika. Heoi, ko tētahi wero nui ko te tangohanga o ngā taonga tuku iho i mua i te whai mana o ēnei ture. He maha ngā tautohe mō te whakahokinga mai i ngā taonga e pā ana ki ngā taonga "ture" i taua wā engari kei te tautohetia i ēnei rā.
I ētahi whenua, kua whanakehia hoki ngā anga ture hei tiaki i ngā tika o ngā hapori taketake. Hei tauira, i te Hononga o Amerika, ko te Ture Tiaki me te Whakahoki i ngā Urupā o ngā Iwi Taketake o Amerika (NAGPRA) o te tau 1990 e whakahaere ana i te whakahokinga mai o ngā tūpāpaku tangata me ngā taonga tanumanga ki ngā iwi taketake. Ahakoa he rerekē te horopaki i ia whenua, ko te mātāpono matua ko te whakaae he nui ngā tika matatika me ngā tika ahurea o ngā hapori taketake.
Ngā tautohe hei tautoko i te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga
He maha ngā tautohe matua e tukuna ana e ngā kaitautoko o te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga. Tuatahi, ko te tautohe mō te tika o te hītori: ko te tango i ngā taonga tuku iho i ngā wā koroni, i ngā wā pakanga rānei, he maha ngā wā i puta mai me te kore whakaae tika. Ko te whakahoki mai i aua taonga e kitea ana he momo kawenga matatika, he huarahi hoki hei whakapai ake i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao.
Tuarua, ko te tautohe mō te tuakiri ahurea me te mana motuhake. He tohu nui ētahi taonga tuku iho mō te kōrero hītori o tētahi iwi, o tētahi hapori rānei. Ina tawhiti ngā taonga tuku iho i tō rātou wāhi taketake, ka ngaro te whai wāhitanga o te hapori taketake ki te wheako tika i taua taonga tuku iho—mō te mātauranga, te whakahīhī ā-rōpū, me te haere tonu o ngā tikanga tuku iho.
Tuatoru, ko te tautohe mō te horopaki me te tikanga. He maha ngā taonga tuku iho ka hohonu ake te tikanga ina tata ki ō rātou wāhi taketake, reo, tikanga, ahurea rānei. Ka hohonu ake te māramatanga o te marea ina whakaatuhia ngā taonga tuku iho i roto i tō rātou horopaki ā-rohe, kaua ko ngā "taonga tauhou" noa iho i roto i tētahi whare taonga o tāwāhi.
Ngā tautohe mō te whakahokinga mai, te whakahē rānei i te hokinga mai
He maha ngā momo whakahē mō te whakahokinga mai i te whenua. Ko tētahi o aua tautohe ko te ariā o te "whare taonga whānui," e kī ana ko ngā whare taonga nunui e whakaatu ana i ngā taonga tuku iho o te ao ki te katoa, e whiti ana i ngā rohe o te motu. E ai ki tēnei whakaaro, kaua ngā taonga nui e "hoki" nā te mea nō te tangata.
Tērā anō hoki ētahi āwangawanga hangarau: kei te whenua, kei te whare rānei e whiwhi ana i ngā taonga he rawaka ngā whare tiaki taiao? Kei te haumaru ngā taonga mai i te tahae, te pakanga, te aituā rānei? Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi e whakanui ana i te taha ture: mēnā i riro mai ngā taonga mā te whakawhitiwhiti ture i taua wā, kāti he ngoikore te take mō te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga.
Heoi, e kī ana ngā kaiwhakahē i tēnei huarahi he maha ngā wā kāore i te ōrite te "urunga whānui". Kei ngā whenua whai rawa ngā whare taonga whānui, nō reira kei te herea tonu te urunga tūturu ki te ao whānui e ngā utu haere me te kore ōritenga ōhanga.
Ngā Ahu Pūtaiao: Raraunga, Horopaki, me te Mahi Tahi
Mō te pūtaiao o te whaipara tangata, ka ara ake pea ngā āwangawanga mō te ngaronga o te urunga rangahau mā te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga. Heoi anō, kei te whakanui haere ngā tirohanga whaipara tangata o nāianei kāore e hiahiatia kia whakawhirinaki te mātauranga ki ngā taonga ā-tinana. Mā te mamati 3D, ngā pātengi raraunga tuwhera, ngā whakaputanga mahi tahi, me ngā kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga ka taea te whānui o te urunga atu ki ngā raraunga me te whakaute i ngā tika o ngā hapori taketake.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā tauira mahi tahi. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ehara te otinga pai i te āhua o te wikitoria, engari he whakaaetanga whakahaere tahi: ka whakahokia mai ngā taonga tuku iho, engari ka taea te whakahaere rangahau, tiaki taiao, me te whakaaturanga mā te mahi tahi o te ao. Mā tēnei, ka taea e te whakahokinga mai ki te kāinga te whakarei ake i te mātauranga mā te whakatuwhera i ngā tirohanga ā-rohe, ngā mātauranga tuku iho, me ngā whakamāramatanga kua tahaetia.
Ngā Akoranga Take hei Whakaata o te Uauatanga
He maha ngā tautohetohe mō te whakahokinga mai i te whenua kua ara ake i roto i ngā kēhi rongonui o te ao, pērā i te whakahokinga mai o ngā taonga i tangohia i te wā koroni, ngā taonga e pā ana ki te pahua pakanga, ngā kohinga rānei i ahu mai i ngā keri ture kore. He taipitopito motuhake kei ia kēhi: ngā taunakitanga tuhinga, te raupapatanga o te mana pupuri, me te uara tohu ki te marea. Nō reira, ko ngā kaupapa here whakahokinga whai hua ehara i te mea kotahi te rahi mō te katoa, engari he whakakotahi i ngā mātāpono whānui me te aromatawai i ia kēhi.
I Āhia me Āwherika, ko ngā tono kia whakahokia mai ngā taonga ki te whenua, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki te wetewete i te mana o ngā whare taonga me ngā marautanga hītori. I taua wā tonu, ko ngā whenua e pupuri ana i ngā kohinga taonga, e pāngia ana hoki e te pēhanga a te marea kia nui ake te māramatanga: te whakatuwhera i ngā pūranga hoko taonga, te arotake i ngā rangahau takenga mai, me te whakatū i ngā tikanga whakahoki taonga tika.
Te anga atu ki tētahi Kaupapahere Whakahoki Mai i te Whenua Tika, Tauwhiro hoki
Me whakataurite e te kaupapa here whakahoki taonga pai ētahi whāinga: te tika, te tiaki, te urunga a te marea, me te whakatairanga i te mātauranga. He maha ngā mātāpono hei aratohu. Tuatahi, te māramatanga mō te takenga mai o ngā kohinga. Me arotake e ngā whare taonga me ngā kaikohi ngā takenga mai, ā, me whakaputa ngā hua. Tuarua, te whakatairanga i ngā taonga tapu, ngā toenga, ngā taonga tuku iho rānei i tangohia mā te tutu, te pahua rānei. Tuatoru, te whakapakari i te kaha o ngā whare whiwhi taonga, tae atu ki te whakangungu kaitiaki taonga me te hanganga rokiroki. Tuawhā, te whakawhanake i ngā hononga mahi roa: ngā whakaaturanga tahi, ngā nama tauutuutu, me ngā kaupapa rangahau tahi.
Kaua te whakahokinga mai i te kāinga e māramahia he whakaiti i ngā whai wāhitanga ako a te marea. Inaa, ki te whakahaeretia tika, ka taea e te whakahokinga mai te whakawhānui ake i ngā pokapū mātauranga ki ngā rohe rerekē o te ao. Ka taea e ngā taonga tuku iho te whakaoho i te tipu o ngā whare taonga o te rohe, te mātauranga hītori horopaki ake, me te tūruhi ahurea e ahu mai ana i te whakaute, kaua i te tukino.
Te Katinga
He hononga tata tonu te mahi keri whenua me ngā kaupapa here whakahoki taonga tuku iho. Mā te mahi keri whenua tātou e āwhina ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o mua, engari mā ngā kaupapa here whakahoki taonga tuku iho e whakamahara mai kāore te ao tuku iho e kore e wehea i ngā whanaungatanga mana o ēnei rā. I waenganui i ngā whakaritenga matatika, ngā hiahia pūtaiao, me ngā anga ture kāore i tino tika, ka karanga te whakahoki taonga tuku iho ki te ao kia whakaarohia anō te āhua o tā tātou whakahaere i ngā taonga tuku iho. Hei whakamutunga, ko te whāinga nui ko te whakarite kia tika te whakahaere i ngā taonga tuku iho—hei kaiwhakaatu mō te hītori o te tangata—kia whakautehia ō rātou hiranga, kia whakamahia hoki hei whakarei ake i te mātauranga me te mana o ngā hapori nāna rātou i whānau.
