Te Hoahoa Whare i roto i te Horopaki o te Hītori Toi
Ko te hoahoanga, e kiia ana ko te toi me te pūtaiao o te hoahoa me te hanga whare, kua roa nei e noho ana hei pou tokomanawa o te ao tangata. Haunga tōna mahi whaihua o te whakarato piringa, haumarutanga, me te wāhi mō ngā mahi a te tangata, he whakaaturanga hohonu hoki te hoahoanga o te tuakiri ahurea, te mahi toi, me te whanaketanga hangarau. Mā tēnei taunekeneke hihiri ka tū tika te hoahoanga ki roto i te kōrero whānui o te hītori toi.
Nga timatanga o nehe
Ka taea te whai i te hītori o te hoahoanga ki ngā nohoanga tangata tuatahi. Mai i ngā hanganga megalith o mua pērā i a Stonehenge ki ngā ziggurat o Mesopotamia onamata, i whakakīia ngā hoahoanga o mua ki te hiranga wairua me te hiranga hapori. Ko ngā piramita o Ihipa, i hangaia i te tau 2570-2150 BCE, he tohu mō te pūkenga hangarau tawhito me te aroha ki te whakapono. Ehara i te mea he urupā noa iho ēnei hanganga mō ngā Parao engari he whakapuakitanga anō hoki mō te mana atua me ngā uara o te hapori.
Ngā Taonga Tawhito o te Ao: Kariki me Rōma
Ko te wā tawhito o Kariki me Rōma i tohu i ngā whanaketanga nui o te hoahoa whare me ngā tikanga hanga. Ko te hoahoanga Kariki onamata, inā koa ko ōna temepara, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te ōritetanga, te ōwehenga, me te rangimārie. Ko te Parthenon, i whakatapua ki te atua wahine a Athena, e whakaatu ana i ēnei whakaaro nui. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā pou Doric, Ionic, me Corinthian i noho hei wāhanga matua o te hoahoanga tawhito, i awe i ngā hoahoa mō ngā mano tau.
I tangohia nuitia e te hoahoanga o Rōmana ngā tauira o Kariki, engari i whakaurua mai hoki ngā mahi auaha pēnei i te āwhata, te whare teitei, me te raima. Ko te Colosseum me te Pantheon i Rōma e whakaatu ana i ngā mahi whakamiharo a te hangarau o Rōma me tō rātou arotahi ki te whai huatanga tūmatanui me te hiranga. I hangaia ēnei hanganga hei miharo me te whakaatu i te mana me te whānuitanga o te Emepaea o Rōma.
Ngā Mea Whakamiharo o te Waenganui
I te hinganga o Rōma, ka rerekē te āhua o te hoahoanga o Ūropi i te Waenganui o ngā Tau. I puta te momo Romanesque, e tohuhia ana e ngā āwhata porowhita-haurua, ngā pakitara matotoru, me ngā matapihi iti, e kitea ana i te whare mōneka o Cluny. Heoi, ko te momo Gothic te mea i tino whakarerekē i te hoahoanga o ngā tau waenga. He tohu nā ngā āwhata koi, ngā poupou rere, me ngā matapihi karaihe tae nui, ko ngā whare karakia Gothic pērā i a Notre-Dame de Paris me te Whare Karakia o Chartres i whakaatu i tētahi āhua hou o te poutū me te māramatanga. Ehara i te mea he hanganga noa iho ēnei whare engari he tirohanga rangi i hangaia hei whakaoho i te wehi me te whakaute.
Te Renaissance me te Humanism
Ko te Renaissance, i tīmata i te rautau 14, he wā i whakahoutia ai te hiahia ki ngā toi me ngā hoahoanga o ngā wā onamata. I whakanuia e tēnei wā te whakaaro tangata, te taurite, me te rangimārie. Nā te hoahoa a Filippo Brunelleschi i te tuanui o te Whare Karakia o Florence i whakatuwhera he ara hou ki te hangarau me te ataahua. Ko ngā mahi a ngā kaihoahoa pērā i a Leon Battista Alberti rāua ko Andrea Palladio i whakaatu anō i ngā wawata Renaissance o te ōrite, te taurite, me te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono pāngarau ki te hoahoa. He nui te awe o ngā tuhinga hoahoanga a Palladio ki te hoahoanga o te Hauāuru, tae noa ki te rautau 18.
Te Whakanuia o te Baroque me te Rococo
I te wā Baroque (rau 17 ki te 18) i whakaurua mai he momo whakaari, he matatini, ā, he maha ngā wā i roto i te whare tapere. Ko te whāinga o te hoahoanga Baroque he whakaoho i te kare ā-roto me te rangatiratanga, he maha ngā wā i whakamahia e te Hāhi Katorika hei whakautu i te Reformation Porotetani. Ko ngā whare pērā i te Basilica o Hato Pita i te Tāone o Vatican, me ōna poupou whānui me ngā āhua hihiri, he tauira tēnei momo. I whai mai te wā Rococo, me te kawe mai i ngā āhua māmā ake, whakamīharo me ngā taipitopito whakapaipai, e kitea ana i roto i ngā hanganga pērā i te Whare Ariki o Versailles.
Te Māramatanga me te Neoclassicism
I te Wā Māramatanga i hoki mai ai te mana pupuri me te ngāwari o te ao tawhito, me te whakahē i ngā āhuatanga taikaha o Baroque me Rococo. Ko te hoahoanga neoclassical, i ahu mai i ngā tikanga tawhito me ngā kitenga keri whenua o Kariki me Rōma onamata, i whakanui i te whakaaro nui me te āhua. I Parani, ko te Petit Trianon me te Whare Karakia Madeleine he tauira rongonui, i te United States, ko Monticello a Thomas Jefferson me te whare US Capitol e whakaata ana i ngā mātāpono neoclassical.
Te Ao Hou me te rautau 20
He wā tino rerekē te hoahoanga i te rautau 20, pērā i ngā momo toi maha atu. I whakarērea e ngā hoahoanga hou ngā momo hītori, ā, i tautokona te mahi, te māmā, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau hou. Ko te kupu whakaari "e whai ana te āhua i te mahi" i ārahi i ngā kaihoahoa pērā i a Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, me Walter Gropius. I honoa ngā hoahoa auaha a Frank Lloyd Wright ki te taiao, i te wā i whakauruhia ai e te kura Bauhaus i Tiamana te toi, te mahi toi, me te hangarau.
Te Ao Hou me ngā Auahatanga o Nāianei
I puta ake te ao muri-hou hei tauhohenga ki te whakaaro o te Ao Hou ki te whakaiti me te kore whakapaipai. I whakaurua anō e te hoahoanga muri-hou ngā tohutoro hītori, te takaro, me te rerekētanga, e kitea ana i roto i te Whare Portland a Michael Graves me te Whare AT&T a Philip Johnson. I whakahē tēnei momo i ngā whakaakoranga pakari o te Ao Hou, ā, i whakanuia te hokinga mai ki te whakapaipai me te momo.
He kanorau, he ao whānui hoki ngā mahi hoahoanga o nāianei, e whakaata ana i ngā āwangawanga mō te oranga tonutanga, te hangarau, me te whakakotahitanga o ngā āhuatanga tuku iho me ngā āhuatanga hou. Ko ngā mahi a Zaha Hadid, me ō rātou āhua rere, āhua rauropi, me ngā hoahoa auaha tauwhiro a Norman Foster, e whakaatu ana i te whānuitanga o ngā huarahi i roto i te hoahoanga o nāianei.
Opaniraa
Ko te haerenga a te hoahoanga i roto i te hītori e whakaata ana i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tonu i waenga i te hiahia mahi, te auahatanga hangarau, me te wawata toi. Mai i ngā piramita nui o Ihipa onamata ki ngā whare teitei pumau o ēnei rā, e kapi ana te hoahoanga i te ara o te ahunga whakamua o te tangata me te whakaaturanga toi. Hei wāhanga matua o te hītori toi, ka tukuna he tirohanga hei mārama ki ngā panoni ahurea, ngā ahunga whakamua hangarau, me te whanaketanga o te wheako tangata. Nō reira, ko te ako i te hoahoanga i roto i te hītori toi e whakaatu ana i te nui o ngā mea mō te hapori nāna i hanga, me ngā whakatutukitanga ataahua takitahi.
