Te Ariā Iwi me te Iwi Taketake i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te kōrero mō te iwi me te iwi taketake tētahi o ngā kaupapa tino nui—ā, tino tairongo hoki—i roto i te mātauranga tangata. Ko te mātauranga tangata taketake, hei pūtaiao e ako ana i te tangata i roto i ō rātou āhuatanga koiora, pāpori, me te ahurea, he roa te hītori o te ako i ngā rerekētanga tangata. Heoi anō, kua rerekē anō hoki te kaupapa: mai i te wā i whakamahia ai te ariā o te "iwi" hei whakarōpū i te tangata i runga i te hierarki, ki tētahi huarahi o nāianei e whakanui ana i te mārama ake o te iwi hei hanganga pāpori, ko te iwi taketake ia e mārama ana hei tuakiri pāpori-ahurea hihiri.
1. Iwi: Mai i te Kāwai Koiora ki te Hanganga Hapori
I ngā rautau 18 me 19, i whanake haere ngā whakaaro Pākehā mō te iwi i te taha o te koroni, te whānui o te emepaea, me te aranga ake o te pūtaiao hou. I taua wā, i whakarōpūhia e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā tāngata i runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana pērā i te tae kiri, te āhua o te angaanga, te āhua rānei o te makawe. He maha ngā wā kāore i te noho pūmau ēnei whakarōpūtanga engari he mea tōrangapū: i whakamahia te iwi hei whakamana i te mahi pononga, te mana koroni, me te kore taurite o te hapori.
I ngā tau tōmua o te mātauranga tangata, i puta ake te tikanga tuku iho o te ine i te tinana tangata—te ine i te tinana tangata—e hono ana i ngā rerekētanga koiora ki ngā kereme mō te mātauranga, te matatika, te "whakamua" rānei o tētahi rōpū. Nā tēnei mahi i hanga te pūtake o te mea i muri mai ka kiia ko te kaikiri pūtaiao. Ahakoa i whakaarohia he pūtaiao i taua wā, kua māramahia inaianei he raruraru tēnei huarahi nā te mea i whakataurite i te rerekētanga tinana ki ngā āhuatanga hinengaro, ki ngā āheinga pāpori rānei, ahakoa he taunakitanga pūtaiao kaha kāore e tautoko i taua hononga.
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te ira tangata i te rautau 20 me te 21 kua kaha ake te whakahē i te ariā o te iwi hei kāwai koiora pakari. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he nui ake te rerekētanga ira tangata i roto i ngā rōpū e kiia nei he "iwi" i waenganui i a rātou. Ko te tikanga tēnei he koretake ngā rohe iwi i te taha koiora. Kei reira ngā rerekētanga ā-tinana, engari kāore e hanga i ngā mōkihi ira motuhake e ai ki te ariā tawhito o te iwi.
Nō reira, ko te tikanga o te ao mātauranga tangata o ēnei rā, he tirohanga ki te iwi hei hanganga pāpori: he kāwai i hangaia, i puritia, i hoatu hoki he tikanga mā roto i te hītori, te tōrangapū, me ngā umanga pāpori. "Ka mahi" te iwi i roto i te pāpori—e pā ana ki te urunga atu ki te mātauranga, te mahi, te haumarutanga, me te tiaki hauora—ahakoa te korenga o tētahi pūtake koiora pakari hei whakarōpūtanga tangata.
2. Iwi: He Tuakiri Ahurea Whānaungatanga, Hihiri hoki
He rerekē te iwi, e hono pinepine ana ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ko te iwi taketake e pā ana ki te tuakiri rōpū e hono ana ki ngā āhuatanga ahurea pēnei i te reo, ngā tikanga, te hītori, te whakapono, ngā kōrero tuku iho, me te whakaaro ki ngā takenga mai. Heoi, ehara te iwi taketake i te mea pumau. He maha ngā tohunga tātai tangata e whakanui ana he hihiri te iwi taketake, e rerekē ana i runga i ngā horopaki pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū.
Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata o te ariā iwi ko Fredrik Barth, inā koa nā roto i tana ariā mō ngā rohe iwi. I whakanui a Barth ko te mea nui i roto i te iwi ehara i te mea ko te rerekētanga e kitea ana o "ngā ihirangi ahurea," engari ko ngā rohe pāpori e wehewehe ana i tētahi rōpū hei "tātou" me "rātou." Ka taea te pupuri i ēnei rohe ahakoa te huri o ngā āhuatanga ahurea. Arā, ehara i te mea ka mau tonu ngā rōpū iwi nā te mea kāore anō kia rerekē tō rātou ahurea, engari nā ngā tukanga pāpori e whakaū tonu ana i ngā rerekētanga me te mema.
I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka taea e te iwi te noho hei pūtake o te kotahitanga, te whakahīhī, me te tautoko pāpori. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki te whakatōrangapū i te iwi—hei tauira, i roto i te whakataetae rauemi, ngā pōtitanga, ngā pakanga ā-rōpū, ngā kaupapa here tuakiri rānei. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whenua-iwi o ēnei rā, he maha ngā wā ka hono te iwi ki ngā take tokoiti, te hekenga mai, te whakaurunga, me te whakamana i ngā tika ahurea.
3. Ngā Ariā Matua mō te Iwi me te Iwitanga
I roto i te mātauranga tangata me ngā pūtaiao pāpori whānui, he maha ngā huarahi ariā hei mārama ki te iwi me te iwi taketake:
a. Te Tūāpapa Taketake
E titirohia ana e te huarahi taketake ngā hononga iwi he "taiao", he kaha, ā, he pūtake i roto i ngā whakapapa, i te toto, i te whenua tupu, i ngā tikanga tuku iho rānei i roto i ngā whakatipuranga. Mā tēnei tirohanga ka whakamāramahia he aha i tino kitea ai te tuakiri iwi me te kare ā-roto. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka whakahēngia te taketake mō tōna āhua ki te titiro ki te tuakiri iwi he mea pumau, he mea kore e rerekē, ahakoa ngā taunakitanga e whakaatu ana ka taea te hanga anō i ngā tuakiri rōpū.
b. Te whakatangitangi
E titiro ana te kaupapa taputapu ki te iwi hei taputapu ka taea te whakamahi hei whakatutuki i ētahi whāinga—hei tauira, hei whiwhi mana tōrangapū, hei whiwhi hua ōhanga, hei whakaohooho rānei i te marea. I roto i tēnei tirohanga, ka taea e ngā rangatira tōrangapū, e ngā kaiārahi hapori rānei te whakapakari i te tuakiri iwi hei whiwhi tautoko. Ko te arotake: ehara i te mea he "taputapu" noa iho te iwi; mō te tini o te tangata, he wheako ora tūturu, he wheako whai tikanga hoki.
c. Te Hangahanga
Kua noho te ariā hanga-whakaaro hei huarahi matua i roto i te mātauranga tangata o ēnei rā. E whakanui ana i te hanganga o ngā tuakiri iwi me ngā iwi taketake mā roto i ngā tukanga hītori, ngā taunekeneke pāpori, ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, me ngā whanaungatanga mana. Kāore te ariā hanga-whakaaro e kī ana he "rūpahu" ngā tuakiri, engari e whakaatu ana he mea hanga, he mea whiriwhiri. He tūturu te pānga o te iwi me te iwi taketake, ahakoa he pāpori-hītori ngā huarahi i hangaia ai.
d. Huarahi Hanganga me te Huarahi Tōrangapū Ōhanga
Ka tirohia e tēnei huarahi te āhua o te hanga a te pūnaha pūtea, te koroni, me ngā hanganga kāwanatanga i ngā kāwai iwi me ngā iwi taketake. E māramahia ana he hononga tata te iwi me te iwi taketake ki te mahi, ngā wehewehenga karaehe, te hekenga mai, me ngā kaupapa here whanaketanga. Hei tauira, ko ētahi kāwai iwi taketake ka hono pea ki ngā mahi motuhake, te wehewehenga kāinga, te rerekētanga rānei o te urunga ki ngā ratonga tūmatanui. E whakaatu ana tēnei huarahi ehara i te mea ko te tuakiri anake te mea e pā ana ki te ahurea engari ko te tohatoha rauemi anō hoki.
4. Iwi, Iwi Taketake, me te Mana: Ngā Akoranga mai i te Hītori
Ka ako anō te mātauranga tangata i tōna ake hītori. I te wā o te koroni, i whakamahia ētahi rangahau mātauranga tangata hei tautoko i te whakahaere koroni. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia ngā kāwai o te "iwi," "iwi," "tangata whenua" rānei hei whakahaere i ngā taupori, hei whakatau i ngā taake, hei whakatau rānei ko wai e kiia ana he "hou" me ko wai e kiia ana he "tuku iho".
I ēnei rā, he tokomaha ngā tohunga tātai tangata e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te whakaaroaro arohaehae (whakaaroaro): me te mōhio kāore te mātauranga pūtaiao e puta mai i te koretake, engari e hono tonu ana ki te mana. Mā te whakaaroaro arohaehae, e whai ana te tātai tangata ki te whakanoho i ngā wheako o ngā rōpū e noho tahaetia ana hei wāhanga matua o te tātari, me te whakahē i ngā kereme whakahirahira e whakaiti ana i te tangata ki ngā kāwai koiora, ki ngā momo ahurea rānei.
5. Te Horopaki Initonīhia: Te Kanorau, te Tuakiri, me ngā Wero
He whenua a Initonīhia e nui ana te kanorau o ngā iwi, ngā reo, me ngā ahurea. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka whai tikanga ngā kōrero mō te iwi i roto i ngā take pēnei i te whakaurunga ā-motu, te mana motuhake ā-rohe, ngā tika o ngā iwi taketake, te pakanga ā-hapori, me ngā mahi tōrangapū tuakiri. Ka taea e ngā tuakiri iwi te puta kaha i roto i ētahi āhuatanga—hei tauira, i ngā wā o te whakataetae ōhanga, i ngā wā o te taupatupatu tōrangapū rānei—engari ka ngoikore anō hoki ina kaha ake te kotahitanga o ngā rōpū, hei tauira mā te mātauranga, te noho tāone, me te marena i waenga i ngā iwi.
I taua wā tonu, he rerekē te hītori o te ariā o te iwi i roto i te horopaki o Initonīhia i ērā atu whenua, engari kei te noho tonu i roto i te āhua o ngā kaupapa whakarōpū, te whakama o te tae kiri, me ngā kāwai pāpori motuhake i riro mai i te wā koroni, ā, i hangaia e te ahurea rongonui. Mā te mātauranga tangata ka āwhina i te wetewete i te āhua o te hanganga o ēnei kāwai pāpori me te āhua o tā rātou mahi i roto i ngā mahi whakahāwea, whakahīhī rānei.
6. Whakamutunga
E whakaatu ana ngā ariā iwi me ngā ariā iwi i roto i te mātauranga tangata kāore e taea te whakamārama i ngā rerekētanga tangata mā te koiora, mā te ahurea rānei anake. I roto i te ao hou, he pai ake te mārama ki te iwi hei hanganga pāpori me ngā pānga tūturu ki te oranga. He tuakiri ahurea me te pāpori hihiri te iwi, i hangaia e ngā rohe pāpori, te hītori, me ngā whanaungatanga mana.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tātaritanga koiora, hītori, me te ahurea pāpori, ka whai te mātauranga tangata o nāianei ki te wetewete i ngā whakaaro tawhito e whakamana ana i ngā kaupapa whakarōpū tangata, me te mārama ki te āhua o te hanganga me te pupuri i ngā tuakiri rōpū. Hei whakamutunga, ko te ako i te iwi me te iwi taketake ehara i te mea ko te whakarōpūtanga anake, engari ko te tika, te mōhiotanga, me te āhua o tā tātou mārama ki te tangata i roto i tētahi hapori kanorau me te honohono haere.
