Te Ako i ngā Tarukino me ngā Matū Whakararu i roto i te Anthropology
He maha ngā wā ka kōrerohia ngā tarukino me ngā matū whakawara i roto i te anga o te hauora, te ture, te matatika rānei. Heoi, he rerekē te tirohanga a te tangata: ehara i te mea ko "he aha ngā pānga ki te tinana" me "he aha ngā whiu?" engari ko te āhua o te whai tikanga o tētahi matū i roto i te oranga pāpori, me pēhea te whakahaere i tōna whakamahinga e ngā tikanga ahurea, me pēhea te hanga a ngā hapori i ngā kāwai o "tarukino," "paihana," "rāhuitia," "tapu rānei." Mā te huarahi ahurea—rangahau mara hōhonu—ka ako te tangata i ngā wheako kaiwhakamahi, ngā mahi hapori, ngā whatunga tohatoha, tae atu ki ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga hei āhuatanga ahurea me te tōrangapū.
Te mātauranga tangata me te ariā o te "waihanga" hei hanganga pāpori
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, kāore ngā raau taero me ngā matū whakawara e māramahia ana he matū anake, engari he mea pāpori e hangaia ana ō rātou tikanga e te horopaki. Hei tauira, he ture te waipiro i roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kawa whakanui, engari e hono ana hoki ki te whakama o te "haurangi" me te tutu ā-whare. Ahakoa e kiia ana te tarukino he rongoā tuku iho, he taonga rānei i ētahi wāhi, i ētahi atu wāhi ka tū hei riri matatika me te taihara.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ko te kāwai "tarukino" he hua nō ngā whakaaetanga pāpori-tōrangapū. Ka taea e ētahi matū te huri i tōna mana i roto i te roanga o te hītori: ko te opium, he rongoā noa i mua, i muri mai ka noho hei tohu mō te waranga me te hokohoko turekore. Nō reira, ka pātai ngā tohunga tātai tangata: ko wai kei a ia te mana ki te whakatau i te mana o tētahi matū? Ko ēhea rōpū e whai hua ana, e kore rānei e whai hua ana i te tapanga "turekore"? Mā ēnei pātai ka whakanohohia ngā tarukino ki roto i te ao o ngā whanaungatanga mana, ehara i te mea he take takitahi noa iho.
Ngā momo whakamahinga: mai i ngā kawa ki ngā whakangahau
He maha ngā hapori he tikanga tuku iho mō te whakamahinga o ngā matū hinengaro e ahu mai ana i ngā kawa. I ētahi hapori, ka whakamahia ētahi matū mō ngā kaupapa wairua, te whakaora, te whakapakari rānei i ngā hononga pāpori. I tētahi atu taha, i ngā hapori tāone hou, ka mārama te whakamahinga o ngā matū he whakangahau, he mawhiti atu i te ahotea, he momo noho rānei. E whai ana te mātauranga tangata ki te whakamahere i ēnei kaupapa kanorau me te kore e whakatau wawe, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka huna ngā whakatau matatika i te māramatanga ki te take e mau tonu ai ngā mahi.
He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te "waranga" he rerekē te māramatanga puta noa i ngā horopaki ahurea. E whakaaro ana ētahi hapori he tikanga noa te inu waipiro i ia rā, mena kāore e whakararuraru i ngā herenga pāpori, ko ētahi ia e whakaaro ana he rerekē te nui o te waipiro. Arā, kāore i te whānui te rohe i waenga i te "whakamahinga" me te "tūkino"; he mea whiriwhiri i runga i ngā tikanga pāpori, whakapono, karaehe, me te ira tangata.
Te whakarōpūtanga iwi o te whakamahinga me te wheako whaiaro
Ko te tikanga matua o te mātauranga tangata ko te mātauranga iwi: te noho tahi me ngā hapori, te hanga whakawhirinaki, te tirotiro i ngā mahi o ia rā, me te whakarongo ki ngā kōrero a ngā kaiwhakamahi. I roto i te rangahau i ngā matū whakawara, ka āwhina te mātauranga iwi ki te mārama ki ngā wheako whaiaro o ngā kaiwhakamahi: ngā take i tīmata ai rātou ki te whakamahi, me pēhea tā rātou whakahaere i ngā mōrearea, ngā rautaki mō te huna, te whakaatu rānei i ō rātou tuakiri, me pēhea tā rātou whakamārama i ō rātou tinana me te mamae.
He maha ngā kitenga ka puta mai i tēnei huarahi kāore e kitea i roto i ngā rangahau tatauranga. Hei tauira, tera pea he "ture" ā-roto a ngā kaiwhakamahi: he horopeta motuhake, he wā whakamahinga motuhake, he whakamahinga rānei i roto i ngā rōpū pono anake. E whakaatu ana ēnei ture i te noho o te mōhiotanga ā-rohe mō te whakaiti i te kino, ahakoa e noho ana rātou i roto i ngā taiao hara. E whakaatu ana hoki te mātauranga tangata i te tūranga o ngā whanaungatanga pāpori—ngā hoa, ngā hoa rangatira, te whānau—ki te whakapakari, ki te aukati rānei i ngā tauira kai.
Ngā raau taero, te whakama, me te tuakiri pāpori
E titiro ana te tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te whakama he mana pāpori e hanga ana i ngā whanonga me te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga. Ina tapaina tetahi he "tangata waranga," ka taea e taua tapanga te whakarerekē i te āhua o te manaaki a ngā whānau i a rātou, te āhua o te urupare a ngā mana whakahaere, me te āhua o te whakarato tiaki a ngā ratonga hauora. He maha ngā wā ka ārai te whakama i ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te rapu āwhina nā te wehi kei whiua, kei whakama rānei. I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ehara te whakama i te "waiaro kino" noa iho, engari he tikanga pāpori e whakahaere ana i te tangata e kiia ana he "tangata pai" me te tangata e kiia ana he "tangata hē".
Ka tirohia hoki e ngā rangahau ā-iwi te āhua o te hanganga o ngā tuakiri e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā matū. I roto i ētahi ahurea iti, ko te whakamahinga o ngā matū he tohu o te kotahitanga, te maia, te auahatanga rānei. Heoi, i te wa ano, ka ngoikore ēnei tuakiri ki te whakatōrangapū: he maha ngā wā ka ngāwari ake te whakapae i ngā kaiwhakamahi o te hunga iti iho i ngā kaiwhakamahi o te hunga waenga-runga, ā, tera pea he nui ake ā rātou tūmataitinga me ā rātou rauemi.
Ōhanga tōrangapū: te hokohoko, te kāwanatanga, me te whakaharahara
He hononga tata tonu ngā tarukino ki ngā whatunga ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga. Ka tirohia e te mātauranga ā-iwi tōrangapū me te ōhanga te hanganga o ngā mākete pango mā te aukati, ehara i te mea ahakoa. Ina aukatia tētahi matū, kāore e ngaro aunoa; engari, ka neke ki ngā hongere tohatoha huna, ka puta he tūponotanga o te tutu, te pahua, me te pirau. I roto i te maha o ngā wāhi, ka arahi hoki te whakaharahara ki te kīkī o ngā whare herehere me te pakaru o ngā hononga whānau.
Ka tirotirohia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te āhua o te kore taurite o te kaupapa here "pakanga ki ngā tarukino". He kaha ake te whakatinanatanga o te ture i ngā wāhi rawakore, engari he ngāwari ake te wātea o te whakaora me te hauora ki te hunga whai wāhi. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ehara i te mea ko te raruraru tarukino he take matatika takitahi anake, engari ko te kāwanatanga, te tohatoha rauemi, me ngā kaupapa matua o te kaupapa here.
Ira tangata, tinana, me te ngoikore
He hononga tata anō hoki te whakamahinga o ngā matū ki te ira tangata. He maha ngā whakamā o ngā wāhine e whakamahi ana i ngā tarukino: ehara i te mea ko rātou anake e whakamahi ana, engari ko rātou anō hoki he "wāhine koretake" e ai ki ngā tikanga pāpori. Ka uaua ake pea mā rātou te uru atu ki ngā ratonga hauora uri, ka whakaraerae ake i a rātou ki te tūkino ira tangata, ā, ka noho motuhake ake hoki rātou i te tautoko a te whānau.
Mā te mātauranga tangata o te tinana ka mārama ki te taunekeneke a ngā matū ki ngā wheako o te ao: te mamae, te whara, te mahi tinana, te ngenge, ngā tono rānei mō te whakaputa hua. I ētahi horopaki, ka whakamahia ngā matū mō te "whakamahinga mahi" - hei tauira, hei pupuri i ngā hāora mahi roa, hei ārai i te hiakai, hei noho mataara rānei. Ka werohia e tēnei tirohanga te whakaaro māmā noa iho ko te whakamahinga he "ngahau" he "whakaaro" rānei.
Te whakaiti i te kino me te huarahi tangata
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua nui te takoha a te mātauranga tangata ki te māramatanga o te whakaiti i te kino: he huarahi e arotahi ana ki te whakaiti i te kino me te kore e hiahiatia he whakamutu katoa hei whakaritenga mō te āwhina. Ko ētahi tauira ko te mātauranga mō te whakamahinga haumaru ake, ngā ratonga ngira me te werowero parakore, te rongoā whakakapinga, me te tautoko hapori. E whakapono ana te mātauranga tangata he whai hua te whakaiti i te kino ina hono ki te ahurea o te rohe, ā, ka whakauru i ngā hapori kaiwhakamahi hei kaupapa mātau, ehara i te mea hei "whakatika" noa iho.
Mā te huarahi e aro ana ki te tangata, e whakanui ana hoki ko ngā kaiwhakamahi he mema o te hapori me ō rātou tika: te tika ki te tiaki hauora, te tiaki i te tutu, me te whai wāhi pai ki te ora. E whakamahara mai ana te mātauranga tangata ki a tātou, ehara i te mea nā te whiu te huringa o ngā whanonga, engari nā te whakaaro haumaru, te hononga pāpori, me ngā momo oranga rerekē.
Te Katinga
Mā te ako i ngā raau taero me ngā matū whakawara i roto i te mātauranga tangata ka whānui ake tō tātou māramatanga ki tua atu i ngā tirohanga hauora me ngā tirohanga ture. E titiro ana te mātauranga tangata ki ngā matū whakawara he āhuatanga ahurea, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū e hono ana ki te tikanga, te kawa, te tuakiri, te whakama, me ngā whanaungatanga mana. Mā te mātauranga tangata, ka whakaatuhia e te mātauranga tangata ngā reo o ngā kaiwhakamahi me ngā hapori, ka whakaatuhia te uaua o ngā kaupapa, ā, ka arotake i ngā kaupapa here e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakaharahara anake.
Hei whakamutunga, kāore te mātauranga tangata e whakataurite ana i ngā tūponotanga o ngā tarukino, engari e tono ana kia mārama tātou ki ō rātou pūtake pāpori. Mā te māramatanga whānui ake ka taea te whakautu atawhai tangata, whai hua, me te tika: te whakaiti i te kino, te whakawhānui i te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga, me te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa here e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga o ia rā, kaua ko te wehi, ko te whakama rānei.
