Te Ariā o te Mana me te Tikanga i roto i te Anthropology Tōrangapū
Pendahuluan
I roto i te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū, ko ngā ariā o te mana me te tika he āhuatanga matua e rua e whakaatu ana i ngā whanaketanga o te mana, te awe, me te ngohengohe i roto i ngā hapori tangata. Ko te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū, hei peka o te mātauranga tātai tangata pāpori, e whai ana ki te mārama ki te āhua o te hanganga, te mahi, me te huringa o ngā umanga me ngā hanganga mana i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki pāpori. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā o te mana me te tika i roto i te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū, me te whakaatu i ō rātou whakamāramatanga, ngā ariā, me ngā tono i roto i ngā horopaki pāpori rerekē.
Mana: Whakamāramatanga me te Horopaki
Ko te mana whakahaere e pā ana ki te kaha o tētahi tangata, o tētahi whare rānei ki te whakahau, ki te awe rānei i ētahi atu. I whakamāramahia e Weber (1922) te mana whakahaere hei "tūponotanga ka whakarongohia ngā whakahau o tētahi kaupapa motuhake e tētahi rōpū kua whakaritea." I roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū, ehara i te mea ko te mana whakahaere anake te mana whaimana e puritia ana e ngā āpiha kāwanatanga, engari kei roto hoki ngā momo mana e mōhiotia ana i roto i ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā ahurea rerekē.
E toru ngā momo mana i tautuhia e Weber:
1. Mana Tuku Iho: Ko tēnei momo mana e ahu mai ana i ngā whakapono me ngā mahi ahurea tawhito i roto i te hapori. Ko ngā rangatira e pupuri ana i te mana tuku iho ka mohiotia i roto i ngā taonga tuku iho, i ngā tikanga kua whakapumautia rānei. Hei tauira, ko ngā rangatira iwi i roto i ngā hapori taketake e pupuri ana i te mana i runga i ngā tikanga tawhito.
2. Mana Karismatika: Ka puta ake tēnei mana mai i te aukume whaiaro o te kaiārahi me tōna kaha ki te whakahihiko me te whakaoho i ngā akonga. Ka kitea ngā tauira o te mana karismatika i roto i ngā tino tangata hurihanga, whakapono rānei e awe ana i ā rātou akonga mā roto i ō rātou mana whaiaro me te tirohanga whānui.
3. Mana ture-ā-roto: Ko tēnei momo mana e ahu mai ana i tētahi pūnaha ture me ngā ture e whakaaetia ana e te whakahaere. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiārahi me ngā āpiha whai mana ture-ā-roto ō rātou mana i runga i ngā mātāpono kua whakaaetia e te hapori mā te ture pai.
Te Tikanga: Te Whakamārama me te Horopaki
He ariā e pā tata ana te mana whakahaere ki te mana. Ko te mōhio me te whakaae a te tangata ki te mana o tētahi tangata, o tētahi whare rānei. Mā te mana whakahaere ka puta te pūtake matatika me te pūtake ture kia pai ai te mahi a te mana whakahaere.
I roto i te ariā a Weber, he rerekē ngā huarahi e puta ai te mana o ngā momo mana rerekē. Ko te mana tuku iho e ahu mai ana i te mana i ahu mai i te tikanga me te kōrero tuku iho, ko te mana karismatika e ahu mai ana i te mana o te rangatira, ā, ko te mana ture-aroaro e hangai ana ki ngā ture me ngā ture ōkawa.
He maha atu anō ngā ariā i roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū e whakanui ana i ngā āhuatanga whānui o te mana. Hei tauira, i whakaarohia e Gramsci te ariā o te "mana rangatira," e pā ana ki te whakatutukitanga o te mana me te whakahaere, ehara i te mea mā te tutu, mā ngā tūmomo whakawehi rānei, engari mā te whakaae tahi me te awe ahurea hoki. Mā te mana rangatira, ka hangaia, ka puritia hoki e ngā ariā matua te mana mā te hanga i te hinengaro o te marea.
Te Whaimana i roto i te Mahi: Ngā Take Matatika Tangata
Hei mārama ki te mahi a te mana me te tika i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē, me whakaaro tātou ki ētahi tauira ā-iwi:
1. Ngā Iwi Taketake
I roto i te nuinga o ngā hapori taketake, ka whakawhirinaki te mana ki te mana i ahu mai i ngā tikanga tuku iho me ngā tikanga tuku iho. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi hapori taketake o Papua, ka kiia he rangatira iwi, he "tangata nui" rānei te mana tuku iho nā te mea ka riro mai i a rātou te tūranga mā te whakapapa, nā te whakaute rānei ki ō rātou whakaaro nui me te whai huatanga ki te whakatau i ngā pakanga. Ko tō rātou mana i ahu mai i tō rātou kaha ki te pupuri i ngā tikanga tuku iho me te taurite i roto i te hapori.
2. Kaiārahi Mana
He maha ngā kaupapa tōrangapū o nāianei me ngā kaupapa tōrangapū o mua kua whai kaiārahi i whiwhi mana, ā, i pupuri tonu i te mana mā te karisma whaiaro. Hei tauira, ko Nelson Mandela i Āwherika ki te Tonga me Mahatma Gandhi i Īnia. I whiwhi a Mandela i te mana mā tana tirohanga mō te kotahitanga o te motu me tana pakanga ki te whakahāwea iwi, ko Gandhi ia i whiwhi mana mā tana pūkenga whakahihiri ki te ārahi i te kaupapa mana motuhake mā roto i ngā tikanga tutu. E mārama ana i konei ko te mana karisma ka whakatauhia e te kaha o te tangata ki te awe me te whakahihiri i te marea.
3. Te Kāwanatanga o ēnei rā
I roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā, ko te mana tika e ahu mai ana i tētahi pūnaha ture-aroaro. Hei tauira, ko ngā kāwanatanga Manapori e ahu mai ana i tētahi tukanga pōti e mōhiotia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā ture me ngā kaupapa ture te anga matua e whakamahia ai te mana. He mea nui te whakawhirinaki o te marea ki te māramatanga me te kawenga a ngā kaiārahi ki te pupuri i te mana i roto i aua pūnaha.
Te Raruraru Ture
Heoi, kāore ngā mana katoa e kiia ana he tika i ngā wā katoa e te hapori e whakahaeretia ana e rātou. Ka puta he raruraru ture ina pātaihia, ina whakahēngia rānei te mana e te hapori. Hei tauira, i te wā o te mana whakahaere mana, i raro rānei i tētahi kāwanatanga pirau, ka ngaro pea te mana o te mana, ā, ka tūtaki ki ngā whakahē nui, ki ngā whakakeke rānei.
Ko tētahi tauira o te kaupapa tātai tangata tōrangapū ko te Huringa Bolivarian i Venezuela, i arahina e Hugo Chávez. I hangaia e Chávez tētahi momo mana i whakaarohia e te tini o ngā tāngata o Venezuela he tika nā runga i āna kōrero whakahē-imperialist me te tautoko i te iwi. Heoi, i roto i te wā, ko ngā raruraru ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here pehi i arahi ki tētahi raruraru tika, ā, i ārahi i te maha o ngā wāhanga o te hapori ki te pātai i te mana o tana kāwanatanga.
Te Katinga
I roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū, mā te mārama ki ngā ariā o te mana me te tika ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki te mahi a te mana i roto i ngā pūnaha ahurea pāpori. Ka taea e te mana te whai i ngā momo āhua, tae atu ki te tikanga tuku iho, te tikanga karismatika, te tikanga whai whakaaro-ture rānei. I taua wā, mā te tika ka whakaratohia he pūtake matatika me te pāpori ki te mana mō te whakaae me te whakatinanatanga.
Mā roto i ngā rangahau take maha, ka kitea te āhua o te hanganga me te mahi a te mana me te tika i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki hītori ahurei. Ehara i te mea he pai noa iho ēnei rangahau mō te mārama ki ētahi atu hapori engari he tirohanga matatika hoki mō te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū me te pāpori e karapoti nei i a tātou i ēnei rā. Nō reira, he ariā hihiri te mana me te tika, e urutau tonu ana, e huri haere ana i te whanaketanga o ngā hapori tangata.
