Ngā Akoranga Iwi me te Tuakiri ā-Motu i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, he kaupapa e ako ana i te tangata i roto i ōna āhuatanga katoa, he mea nui ki te mārama ki ngā ariā o te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu. He maha ngā wā ka tautuhia te iwi ko te tuakiri pāpori me te tuakiri ahurea o tētahi rōpū motuhake, ko te tuakiri ā-motu ia e pā ana ki te wairua o te iwi me te wairua nō roto i tētahi iwi. Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te ako i ēnei ariā e rua nā te mea e hono tahi ana rāua, ā, he mea nui ki te hanga i ngā whanaketanga pāpori o te hapori.
Te Mārama ki te Iwi
Ko te iwi taketake he ariā e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te ahurea, te reo, te whakapono, ngā tikanga, me te hītori tahi. Mā te iwi taketake ka taea e ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū te tautuhi i a rātou anō me te mārama ki tō rātou tūranga i roto i te hanganga pāpori whānui. Ehara i te mea ko ngā āhuatanga tinana, koiora rānei te take o te iwi taketake, engari he tuakiri i hangaia mā roto i ngā wheako pāpori me ngā wheako ahurea.
I roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata, e māramahia ana te iwitanga hei hanganga pāpori ehara i te mea pumau engari he hihiri. Ka taea e te tautuhi iwitanga te huri i roto i te wā i runga i ngā āhuatanga pāpori, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o nāianei. Ka taea e te mōhiotanga iwitanga te kaha ake te kitea, inā koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te whakataetae rauemi, te kore taurite pāpori rānei.
Te Iwi me te Hanganga Hapori
E whakanui ana te huarahi hanga-ā-roto ko te tuakiri iwi te hua o ngā taunekeneke pāpori. Hei tauira, i whakanui a Pierre Bourdieu i te ariā o te "habitus," e pā ana ki ngā hanganga pāpori e hanga ana i ngā whanonga, ngā tirohanga, me ngā mahi a te tangata. Kāore e taea te wehe i te tuakiri iwi mai i te "habitus," e uru ana ki ngā wheako pāpori me ngā wheako ahurea.
He nui anō ngā tirohanga a Frederik Barth, he tohunga tātai tangata rongonui, ki te iwi. I roto i tana pukapuka rongonui "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" (1969), i whakanui a Barth he mea nui ake ngā rohe iwi i ngā ihirangi o te ahurea tonu. I kite a Barth ka hangaia ngā tuakiri iwi mā te taunekeneke pāpori me te whiriwhiringa rohe me ētahi atu rōpū.
Te Mārama ki te Tuakiri ā-Motu
Ko te tuakiri ā-motu e pā ana ki te wairua noho tahi o tētahi iwi, o tētahi kawanatanga rānei. Kei roto i tēnei ariā ngā tohu pēnei i ngā waiata ā-motu, ngā haki, me ngā maharatanga hītori kua tohaina. He maha ngā wā ka whakatairangahia te tuakiri ā-motu e ngā kawanatanga mā te mātauranga me ngā pāpāho hei whakatipu i te kotahitanga me te kotahitanga i waenga i ō rātou tāngata whenua.
Mai i te tirohanga ā-tangata tangata, i roto i tana pukapuka "Imagined Communities" (1983), e kī ana a Benedict Anderson he hapori "whakaaroaro" te iwi. E whakamārama ana ia ka hangaia te tuakiri ā-motu mā te hanganga pāpori, ka taea e ngā tāngata kāore i te mōhio tetahi ki tetahi te hono atu nā te mea e whakaaro ana rātou he wāhanga rātou o te hapori nui kotahi.
Te Taunekeneke i waenga i te Iwi me te Tuakiri ā-Motu
He tino uaua te taunekeneke i waenga i te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ko te tuakiri ā-motu e hangai ana ki te kanorau iwi o nāianei. Heoi, i roto i tēnei tukanga, ka puta ake ngā pakanga ina kitea te tuakiri ā-motu hei mea nui, hei mea nui rānei i ngā tuakiri iwi o nāianei. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā whenua maha-iwi pērā i a Indonesia, Īnia, i te Hononga o Amerika rānei, he maha ngā wā ka puta ake ngā take whakauru me te kotahitanga pāpori hei wero.
Hei tauira, i Initonīhia, ko te ariā o Bhineka Tunggal Ika, ko tōna tikanga "he rerekē engari kotahi tonu," te tūāpapa mō te tuakiri ā-motu e tumanakohia ana hei whakakotahi i ngā momo iwi. Heoi, ko te āhua o te ao e whakaatu ana kei te puta tonu ngā pakanga ā-iwi, e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea ngāwari te tukanga hanga tuakiri ā-motu, ā, me whakapau kaha tonu ngā rōpū katoa.
Akoranga Take: Initonīhia
He tauira whakamīharo a Indonesia mō te taunekeneke me te whakarerekētanga o te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu. Kua hangaia te whenua i runga i te turanga o te kanorau, me te neke atu i te 300 ngā rōpū iwi e whai reo, ahurea, me ngā tikanga motuhake. Mai i te mana motuhake, kua whai te kāwanatanga o Indonesia ki te whakatairanga i te tuakiri ā-motu mā roto i ngā kaupapa here maha, tae atu ki te mātauranga ā-motu, ngā pāpāho, me te whanaketanga ōhanga.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka ara ake ngā taupatupatu i waenga i te tuakiri ā-motu me te iwi, inā koa he kore taurite ōhanga me te pāpori i waenga i ngā iwi. Ko ngā pakanga i Maluku, Poso, me Papua he tauira o te huarahi ka arahi ai ēnei taupatupatu ki te tutu. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki te whakauru me te rangimarie, e kitea ana i ngā tāone nui pēnei i a Jakarta, e noho tahi ana ngā iwi maha, e taunekeneke ana i ia rā.
Ngā Ariā i roto i te Akoranga o te Iwi me te Tuakiri ā-Motu
Ko te hanganga pāpori tētahi o ngā ariā matua i roto i te rangahau i te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu. E kī ana tēnei ariā ko ngā tuakiri ā-iwi me ngā tuakiri ā-motu he hua nō ngā tukanga pāpori, ehara i te mea tūturu, i te mea homai noa rānei. Hei tāpiri, he takoha nui anō hoki tā te ariā taunekeneke tohu mā te whakanui i te āhua o te hanganga o te tuakiri mā te taunekeneke pāpori me ngā tohu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ia rā.
He wāhi anō tā te ariā tōrangapū ki te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu. Hei tauira, e kī ana te ariā primordialism he mea tūturu te tuakiri iwi, ā, he mea hanga mai i te tinana, ko te whakaaro ia o te taputapu ka taea te whakarerekē i te tuakiri iwi e ngā rangatira mō ngā painga tōrangapū motuhake.
Whakamutunga
I roto i ngā rangahau tātai tangata, ehara te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu i te ariā motuhake, engari ka taunekeneke, ka awe tetahi i tetahi. Mā te iwi te pūtake mō ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū ki te tautuhi i a rātou anō, ko te tuakiri ā-motu ia e ngana ana ki te whakauru i ēnei tuakiri rerekē ki roto i tētahi anga whānui.
He mea nui te māramatanga hōhonu ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu hei waihanga i te rangimarie me te whakaurunga pāpori i roto i ngā hapori kanorau. Mā te mātauranga tangata ka whakaratohia he taputapu tātari hei mārama ki te āhua o te hanganga, te whakaurunga, me te wheako i ngā tuakiri, me te pēhea hoki e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā taumahatanga me ngā pakanga. Ko te ako i te iwi me te tuakiri ā-motu i roto i te mātauranga tangata ehara i te mea ka whakaratohia he māramatanga ariā anake engari he takoha mahi hoki ki ngā kaupapa here pāpori me te hanganga iwi.
