Te Akoranga Tangata Whenua mō ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho me te Ture
Pendahuluan
Ko te mātauranga tangata he peka o te pūtaiao pāpori e ako ana i te tangata me ngā āhuatanga o ō rātou ahurea, pērā i te reo, ngā tikanga, ngā whakapono, me ngā toi. Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui e akohia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata ko ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho e pā ana ki roto i te hapori. He mahi nui tā ēnei tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho ki te hanga, ki te whakahaere, me te whakahaere i ngā whanonga o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū i roto i tētahi ahurea. Ko te whāinga o te rangahau mātauranga tangata mō ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho kia hohonu ake te māramatanga ki te whakarite a ngā hapori i a rātou anō me te āhua o te hanganga me te pupuri i ngā taunekeneke pāpori.
Te Mārama ki ngā Tikanga me ngā Ture Tikanga
Norma
Ko ngā tikanga he ture, he paerewa rānei mō ngā whanonga e tumanakohia ana i roto i tētahi rōpū, i tētahi hapori rānei. Ka mahi ngā tikanga hei whakataurite i ngā taunekeneke pāpori me te whakaiti i ngā pakanga i roto i tētahi hapori. E rua ngā momo tikanga: he tikanga ōkawa, he tikanga kore ōkawa. Kei roto i ngā tikanga ōkawa ngā ture kua tuhia me ngā ture kua tuhia, pērā i ngā ture, i ngā ture kāwanatanga rānei. I taua wā, ko ngā tikanga kore ōkawa e kapi ana i ngā ture kāore i tuhia, pērā i ngā tikanga, ngā matatika, me ngā uara ahurea.
Ture tikanga
Ko te ture tikanga he huinga ture i whakaaetia ngātahitia e tētahi hapori, ā, e whakaaetia ana hei huarahi whakahaere i ngā mahi me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i taua hapori. Kāore te ture tikanga i tuhia pērā i te ture ōkawa, engari he rite tonu tōna mana ki te awe me te whakahaere i ngā whanonga takitahi. I roto i ngā rohe rerekē o Indonesia, ka whakamahia te ture tikanga i roto i ngā momo āhua, hei tauira, i roto i te whakataunga tautohe whenua, ngā tikanga marena, ngā kawa whakapono, me ērā atu.
Ngā Mahi a ngā Tikanga me ngā Ture Tikanga
Ngā Tautuhinga Pāpori
Ko ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho he taputapu hei whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā whanonga takitahi i roto i te hapori. Mā te noho o ngā ture e whakaaetia ana e te katoa ka āwhina i te waihanga i tētahi tikanga hapori kia tika, kia taurite hoki. Hei tauira, i roto i te hapori taketake o Minangkabau, ko ngā tikanga mā te whānau e whakahaere ana i te tohatoha o te taonga me te mana mā te whānau, kia mau tonu ai te taurite pāpori me te ōhanga i roto i te hapori.
Kaiwhakahaere Hapori
Haunga te whakahaere i ngā whanonga, ka mahi anō hoki ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho hei tikanga whakahaere pāpori. Ina takahia e te tangata tētahi tikanga, tētahi ture tuku iho rānei, he huarahi motuhake ā te hapori hei whakahaere i te takahi, pērā i ngā whiu pāpori, i ngā kawa tuku iho rānei. He mea nui tēnei whakahaere pāpori hei whakarite kia piri te tangata ki ngā ture kua whakaaetia.
Te Hanga Tuakiri
He mea nui anō hoki ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho ki te hanga i te tuakiri pāpori o tētahi rōpū. Ko ngā tikanga me ngā ture motuhake o tētahi hapori e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, ā, e whakapakari ana i te wairua kotahitanga me te tuakiri ā-rōpū. Hei tauira, ko te kawa Ngaben i Bali ehara i te mea e whakahonore ana i ngā tūpuna anake, engari e whakapakari ana hoki i te tuakiri ahurea o te iwi Bali.
Ngā Ture Tikanga i Ngā Rohe Rerekē
Sumatra ki te Hauāuru (Minangkabau)
I te rohe o Minangkabau, ka tukuna iho ngā ture me ngā tikanga tuku iho i runga i te kaupapa o "Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah" (Te Tikanga i runga i te Sharia, Sharia i runga i te Pukapuka a Allah). Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o te ture tuku iho a Minangkabau ko te pūnaha mātārae, arā, ko te whakapapa me te mana whenua ka tukuna iho i te taha o te whaea. Ka pā tēnei ki te hanganga pāpori me te ōhanga o te hapori Minangkabau, he wāhi nui tā ngā wāhine i roto i te whānau me te oranga hapori.
Bali
I Bali, e mōhiotia ana te ture tikanga ko "desa adat" ko "desa pakraman" rānei, kei a ia te mana ki te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga pāpori, pērā i ngā kawa tuku iho, te tohatoha whenua, me te whakatau tautohe. He hononga tata te ture tikanga i Bali ki te Hinduism Bali, nō reira he maha ngā ture tikanga e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaakoranga o tēnei whakapono. Ko tētahi tauira tūturu ko te kawa Ngaben, he kawa tahu tinana he wāhanga nui o te huringa oranga o te iwi Bali.
Papua
I Papua, he rerekē ngā ture tikanga i ia iwi, i ia iwi, engari he mea nui tonu tana mahi ki te whakahaere i te oranga pāpori. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakatauhia ngā tautohe whenua mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tikanga. He hononga tata hoki te ture tikanga i Papua ki ngā whakapono tuku iho me ngā kawa whakapono i tukuna iho i roto i ngā whakatipuranga.
Te Huringa me ngā Wero o te Ao Hou
Te Ao Whānui me te Whakahoutanga
He pānga nui tō te ao whānui me te ao hou ki te pumau o ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho i roto i ngā hapori maha. Ka taea e ēnei pānga te whai pānga pai, te whai pānga kino rānei. I tētahi taha, ka taea e te ao hou te kawe mai i ngā huringa e tere ake ai te whanaketanga ōhanga me te hangarau o ngā hapori taketake. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e te ao whānui te whakawehi i ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho kua tawhito, kua kore rānei e whai pānga ki ngā whanaketanga o nāianei.
Te Wawaotanga a te Kāwanatanga
He pānga nui anō hoki te wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga, ahakoa he ture, he kaupapa here rānei, ki ngā ture me ngā tikanga tuku iho. Tērā pea ka whakapakari ake ētahi wawaotanga i ngā ture tuku iho, pērā i te whakamana i ngā mana whenua tuku iho, te tautoko rānei i te tiaki i te ahurea tuku iho. Heoi anō, kei reira anō hoki ētahi wawaotanga ka taea te whakararu, te whakarerekē rānei i ēnei hanganga tuku iho, pērā i ngā ture e kore e whai whakaaro ki te mātauranga ā-rohe.
Te Urutau me te Manawanui
Ahakoa ngā wero maha e pā ana ki a rātou, he maha ngā hapori taketake kua kaha ki te urutau ki ngā huringa o te wā, me te pupuri tonu i ngā uara matua o ā rātou ture me ngā tikanga tuku iho. He maha ngā wā ka mahia ēnei whakatikatika me te kore e ngaro te mauri, te tikanga taketake rānei o aua tikanga. Hei tauira, kua whakauruhia e ētahi hapori taketake ngā hangarau hou ki roto i ngā kawa tuku iho, ki ngā tikanga whakatau tautohe rānei.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te rangahau ā-tangata mō ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho hei māramatanga ki te kanorau ahurea o Initonīhia. Ehara i te mea ko ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho anake hei kaiwhakahaere me hei whakahaere hapori, engari hei whakatau hoki i te tuakiri me te whakakotahi i ngā hapori. I tēnei wā o te ao whānui me te ao hou, ka ara ake ngā wero hou mō te pumau o ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho, engari ka taea e ngā hapori taketake pakari te urutau ki ēnei huringa me te kore e ngaro te mauri ahurea.
Mā te huarahi mātauranga tangata, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te uauatanga me te ahurei o ngā tikanga me ngā ture tuku iho i ngā rohe rerekē. He mea nui te whakaute i te mātauranga ā-rohe, te tiaki i ngā tikanga ahurea, me te whakamana i ngā tika o ngā hapori taketake ki te tiaki i te kanorau me te taonga ahurea o te motu.
