Te Hononga i waenga i te Reo me te Ahurea mai i te Tirohanga Tangata
I roto i ngā rangahau tātai tangata, e māramahia ana te reo me te ahurea he rua ngā huānga e hono tata ana, e kore e taea te wehe. Ehara i te mea he huarahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero noa te reo, engari ko te huarahi matua hoki mō te hanga, te tiaki, me te tuku ahurea. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakaratohia e te ahurea he anga mō te tikanga i roto i te reo: te whakatau me pēhea te whiriwhiri a te tangata i ngā kupu, te hanga rerenga kōrero, te whakaatu i ngā kare ā-roto, tae noa ki te whakatau i te mea e kiia ana he pai, he kore pai rānei i roto i ngā taunekeneke pāpori. E whakanohohia ana te reo e te tirohanga tātai tangata hei wāhanga o tētahi mahi pāpori ora, e hono tonu ana tōna oranga ki te horopaki o te hītori, te mana, te tuakiri, me te huringa pāpori i roto i te hapori.
Reo hei Pūnaha Tohu Ahurea
E tirohia ana te ahurea e te mātauranga tangata hei pūnaha tohu—he huinga tikanga kua whakaaetia, kua whakamahia hoki e ngā mema o te hapori. I roto i tēnei anga, ko te reo te pūnaha tohu tino uaua, ā, e whakamahia pinepinetia ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Mā te reo, ka tapaina e te tangata ngā taonga, ngā kaupapa, ngā kare ā-roto, ngā whanaungatanga, me ngā whakaaro āhuahanga. Kāore ēnei ingoa i te noho kūpapa; ka awehia rātou e te tirohanga a te rōpū ki te ao.
Hei tauira, ko ngā kupu whanaungatanga i roto i ngā reo rerekē e whakaata ana i te whakarite a ngā hapori i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Ka wehewehea e te reo Initonīhia te "matua kēkē" me te "whaea kēkē", engari ko ētahi reo ā-rohe he rerekē ngā kupu mō ngā matua kēkē o te whaea me te matua kēkē o te pāpā, ka wehewehea rānei i runga i te tau. Ko ēnei rerekētanga o te papakupu e whakaata ana i te hiranga o te whakapapa, te hanganga whānau, me ngā tikanga pāpori e pā ana ki ngā ahurea o te rohe.
Te Whakawhanaungatanga Reo: Te Tirohanga Āhua Reo
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te mātauranga tangata o te reo ko te whanaungatanga reo, e pā ana ki te whakaaro ka taea e te hanganga o te reo te awe i te whakaaro me te tirohanga a te tangata ki te ao tūturu. He maha ngā wā ka honoa tēnei whakaaro ki a Edward Sapir rāua ko Benjamin Lee Whorf. I roto i tētahi putanga ngāwari ake (ko te mea e whakaaetia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā), kāore te reo e "whakatau" i te whakaaro, engari e aro ana ki te "whakahāngai i te aro" me te hanga i ētahi tikanga hinengaro.
Hei tauira, ko ētahi reo he pūnaha ahunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te aronga whenua (raki-tonga-mā-rāwhiti-uru) kaua ki te "maui-matau". Ko te hunga kōrero o ēnei reo kua whakangungua kia mōhio ake ki te tūranga me te ahunga i te wāhi. E kī ana tēnei āhuatanga he mea whakatairanga te reo i ētahi tikanga tirohanga e hono ana ki te āhua noho me te taiao ahurea o taua hapori.
Te Reo hei Mahi Hapori: Horopaki, Mana, me te Tuakiri
E whakanui ana te mātauranga tātai tangata o ēnei rā i te mea me mārama te reo hei mahi pāpori, kaua ko te pūnaha wetereo anake. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara i te mea ko ngā kupu anake te pūtake o te tikanga o tētahi kōrero, engari ko wai hoki e kōrero ana, ki a wai, i roto i tēhea āhuatanga, ā, mō tēhea kaupapa. Koinei te wāhi e hono tika ai te reo ki ngā whanaungatanga o te mana me te tuakiri.
Ka taea e te whiriwhiringa reo, te momo reo rānei te tohu i te karaehe pāpori, te taumata mātauranga, te rohe taketake, te tau, tae atu ki te whakaaro. I roto i te horopaki o Initonīhia, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te whakamahinga o te reo Initonīhia paerewa ki ngā umanga ōkawa pēnei i ngā kura, te tari kāwanatanga, te pāpāho ā-motu rānei, ko ngā momo reo rerekē me ngā reo ā-rohe ka tino puta ake i roto i te whānau, te hapori, me te mākete. Ehara tēnei panonitanga o te momo reo i te mea he take whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hangarau noa iho, engari e whakaata ana i te whiriwhiringa tuakiri: ina whakaatu tetahi i a ia anō hei "tangata whenua," "mema iwi," "taiohi," "ngaio rānei."
I roto i ngā hapori maha, mā te āheinga ki te kōrero i tētahi momo reo ka taea te whakatuwhera i te huarahi ki ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga me te pāpori. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā kaikōrero o ngā reo tokoiti, o ngā reo ā-rohe rānei, ka pāngia e te whakama—e kiia ana he iti ake te hou, he iti ake rānei te mātauranga. E titiro ana ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki tēnei āhuatanga hei tukanga pāpori-tōrangapū, e noho ai te reo hei rauemi ka whai hua, ka whakararu rānei i ētahi rōpū.
Ngā Tikanga Whakaute me ngā Tikanga Ahurea i roto i te Reo
Kei te reo anō hoki ngā tikanga ahurea e pā ana ki te ngākau māhaki, te taumata whakarōpū, me ngā tikanga pāpori. E kitea ana tēnei i roto i ngā pūnaha mihi, te whiriwhiri kupu, me te momo kōrero. I roto i ngā ahurea e whakanui ana i ngā taumata tau, mana rānei, he maha ngā wā ka whakaratohia e te reo ngā momo whakaute. Hei tauira, ka mōhio te reo Hāwani ki ngā taumata kōrero (ngoko, madya, krama), e hiahia ana kia whakaarohia e ngā kaikōrero ngā whanaungatanga pāpori i mua i te kōrero.
Kāore ngā tikanga whakaute i te ao whānui; ko te mea e kiia ana he whakaute i roto i tētahi ahurea, he rerekē pea i tētahi atu. E whakanuia ana e ētahi hapori te kōrero tika hei pono, ko ētahi ia e kī ana ko te kōrero tika rawa he whanoke. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki te reo he tikanga anō hoki kia mārama ki ōna uara ahurea taketake, tae atu ki te whakahaere a te hapori i ngā pakanga, te whakapuaki i ngā whakahē, te whakaatu rānei i te whakahē.
Reo, Tikanga ā-Waha, me te Taonga Tuku Iho
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a te mātauranga tangata ko tōna aro ki ngā kōrero tuku iho: ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā pūrākau, ngā karakia, ngā whaikōrero tuku iho, ngā waiata, ngā rīme, ngā whakataukī, me ētahi atu momo kōrero hapori. Ehara i te mea he whakangahau noa iho ngā kōrero tuku iho; he pūranga mātauranga ā-rōpū. Mā roto i ngā kōrero me ngā whakapuakitanga motuhake, ka tukuna ngā uara matatika, te hītori rōpū, te ao tūroa, me ngā ture pāpori mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga.
I roto i ngā hapori maha, kei roto i ngā reo ā-rohe ngā ariā me ngā kāwai ahurea e uaua ana ki te whakamāori tika ki ētahi atu reo. Ina tata te ngaro o tētahi reo, ehara i te mea ko ngā kupu me te hanganga rerenga kōrero anake ka ngaro, engari ko ngā huarahi motuhake hoki mō te whakamāori i ngā wheako o te ao. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka uru te mātauranga reo ki te tuhi me te whakaora i te reo hei wāhanga o te tiaki i ngā taonga tuku iho ahurea.
Te Whakawhitiwhiti Reo, te Ao Whānui, me te Huringa Ahurea
E kitea ana hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te ahurea i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te huringa—ina koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te whakapā atu o te reo i puta mai i te hekenga mai, te hokohoko, te koroni, te mātauranga hou, me ngā pāpāho matihiko. Ko te ao whānui te mea e akiaki ana i te horapa o ngā reo matua e kiia ana he nui te uara ōhanga. Hei tauira, i Indonesia, kua riro te reo Indonesia hei reo whakakotahi ā-motu, ko te reo Ingarihi ia e piki haere ana te hiranga i roto i te mātauranga me te wāhi mahi. Ka uru pea ki ngā pānga te reo rua, te whakawhiti waehere, me te putanga mai o ngā momo reo hou, inā koa i waenga i te hunga rangatahi me ngā wāhi pāpāho pāpori.
He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi te huringa reo me te huringa ahurea: i roto i ngā kākahu, i ngā tauira kai, i ngā hiahia puoro, me ngā tuakiri whakatupuranga. Heoi, e whakamahara mai ana te mātauranga tangata ehara i te mea ko te "ngaronga o te ahurea ā-rohe" anake te tikanga o te huringa. Engari, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia e ngā hapori ngā momo ranu - te whakakotahi auaha i ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe me te ao whānui. Hei tauira, ko te whakaranu waehere he rautaki hei whakaatu i te tuakiri ao whānui me te noho "hono" tonu ki te hapori ā-rohe.
Ngā Tikanga Tāngata Whenua i roto i te Ako i te Reo me te Ahurea
He huarahi ahurei tā te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki te reo, mā te mātakitaki whai wāhi me te mātauranga iwi. Ehara i te mea ko te kohikohi raraunga reo anake a ngā kairangahau i roto i te ahua o ngā rārangi kupu, o ngā hanganga wetereo rānei, engari ka mātakitaki hoki i te whakamahinga o te reo i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu: i te kāinga, i te mākete, i te kura, i ngā hui tuku iho, i ngā huihuinga o te kāinga, i ngā wāhi matihiko rānei.
Mā te mātauranga iwi ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ki te tikanga huna o te kōrero, tae atu ki te whakakatakata, te whakatoi, ngā kupu whakarite, me ngā tohu ā-rohe. Hei tāpiri, ka tirohia e te mātauranga iwi ngā "hui kōrero" - pērā i ngā whaikōrero marena, ngā whiriwhiringa hokohoko, ngā kawa whakapono rānei - hei wāhi e tūtaki ai te reo, te kare ā-roto, te mana, me ngā tikanga ahurea.
Whakamutunga
Mai i te tirohanga a te tangata, he whanaungatanga tauutuutu, he whanaungatanga hihiri hoki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te reo me te ahurea. Ka hangaia, ka tukuna hoki e te reo te ahurea mā roto i ngā tohu, ngā kāwai tikanga, me ngā mahi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ia rā. I te wā kotahi, ka whakaratohia e te ahurea te horopaki pāpori e whakatau ana i te whakamahinga o te reo: āhea, nā wai, i roto i ngā momo, me ngā kaupapa. Ina huri ngā hapori nā te ao whānui, te hekenga mai, te hangarau rānei, ka huri tahi te reo; heoi, ehara i te mea ko te hekenga tonu te tikanga o taua huringa; ka taea hoki e ia te whakatuwhera i te āheinga o te auahatanga ahurea hou.
Ko te mārama ki te reo ko te mārama ki te tangata hei tangata pāpori e noho ana i roto i te whatunga o ngā uara, ngā tuakiri, me ngā hītori. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he pai te ako ā-iwi mō te mātauranga anake, engari he mea nui hoki mō te tiaki i te kanorau ahurea, ngā kaupapa here mātauranga, me ngā mahi ki te hanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tika me te whakaute i ngā rerekētanga i roto i tētahi hapori e piki haere ana te maha o ngā tāngata.
