Te Anthropology Whakapono me te Ako i ngā Tikanga
Pendahuluan
Ko te mātauranga tangata o te whakapono he peka o te mātauranga tangata e tirotiro ana i ngā whakapono, ngā mahi, me ngā umanga whakapono i roto i ngā ahurea maha o te ao. Ko te arotahi o tēnei kaupapa he mārama ki te tikanga me te mahi a ngā kawa, ngā pūrākau, me ngā tohu e pā ana ki te whakapono. E titiro ana te mātauranga tangata whakapono ehara i te mea he mea wairua anake te whakapono engari he āhuatanga pāpori hoki e awe ana i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata.
He mea nui te kawa i roto i te rangahau tangata mō te whakapono. Ka taea e ngā kawa te mahi i ngā mahi e whai ake nei me ngā whakaaro motuhake, ā, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki ngā kaupapa nui o te oranga o te tangata, o te hapori rānei, pērā i te whānautanga, te marena, me te matenga. Mā te ako i ngā kawa ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā huarahi e taunekeneke ai ngā tāngata me ngā rōpū ki te ao wairua, me pēhea hoki e taea ai e ngā kawa te hanga i te tuakiri me te kotahitanga o te hapori.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Anthropology Whakapono
Ko te mātauranga tangata o te whakapono te ako i te āhua o te hanga me te awe o ngā whakapono me ngā mahi whakapono e ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki pāpori motuhake. Kei roto ko ngā momo huarahi me ngā tikanga hei mārama ki te tikanga tohu me te mahi o te whakapono i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Ehara i te mea ko ngā whakapono nui pēnei i te Karaitianatanga, te Ihirama, te Hinitu, me te Puta anake e tirohia ana e te mātauranga tangata whakapono, engari ko ngā whakapono tuku iho me ngā hapori iti ake, kāore i te tino mōhiotia.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata whakapono ngā tikanga kounga pēnei i te mātauranga iwi hei tirotiro me te tuhi i ngā whanonga whakapono. Tērā pea ka noho rātou i roto i tētahi hapori mō te wā roa, ka ako i te reo, ka whakahaere uiuinga hōhonu ki ngā mema o te hapori. Kātahi ka tātarihia ēnei raraunga hei tautuhi i ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki ngā whakapono me ngā mahi whakapono.
Te Ariā me te Mahi o ngā Tikanga
He mahi auau ngā kawa, he maha ngā wā he hanganga pumau. He tikanga tohu tō ēnei mahi, ā, ko te whāinga he whakatutuki i ngā pānga motuhake, ahakoa he wairua, he pāpori, he hinengaro rānei. I roto i te mātauranga tangata o te whakapono, he maha ngā wā ka tirohia ngā kawa hei taputapu hei takawaenga i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tangata me ngā mana tipua.
I tapaina e Victor Turner, he tohunga tātai tangata rongonui, ngā kawa he "huihuinga pāpori kua whakaritea," arā, he mārama, he matapaetia hoki te raupapa. He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi ēnei kawa me ngā tohu he tikanga hohonu ki ngā kaiuru. I whakaurua anō hoki e Turner te ariā o te "tūturutanga" i roto i te kawa, te wāhanga whakawhiti i roto i te kawa e āhei ai te tangata ki te neke mai i tētahi tūnga pāpori ki tētahi atu.
I whakanui a Clifford Geertz, tētahi atu tohunga tātai tangata, i te hiranga o te horopaki ahurea ki te mārama ki te kawa. I kī ia he "tauira mō" (he tauira o te ao) me te "tauira o" (he pikitia o te ao). Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ehara i te mea ko te kawa anake te whakaahua i te mooni engari ka hanga hoki i te tirohanga a ngā kaiuru ki te ao e karapoti ana i a rātou.
Kāwai Kawa
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā kawa i runga i ngā paearu maha, pērā i te kaupapa, te āhua, me te horopaki pāpori. Anei ētahi kāwai noa i roto i te ako i ngā kawa:
1. Ngā Tikanga Whakawhiti: He tohu ēnei tikanga i te whakawhiti a te tangata mai i tētahi wāhanga o te ao ki tētahi wāhanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā hui whakatō, ngā marena, me ngā tangihanga.
2. Ngā Tikanga Whakawhanaungatanga: Ka whakapakari ēnei tikanga i ngā hononga pāpori me te tuakiri rōpū. Hei tauira, ko ngā hui whakapono ia wiki, ngā hakari ā-tau rānei.
3. Ngā Kawa o te Ao Tūroa: Ka mahia ēnei kawa i ngā wā ohorere, i te koretake rānei, hei rapu āwhina tipua, hei whakamarie rānei i te āhuatanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā inoi, ko ngā kawa rānei e mahia ana i te wā o ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao.
4. Ngā Tikanga Whakapūmau: Ka mahia ēnei tikanga hei pupuri i te āhua o nāianei, i te taurite pāpori rānei. Hei tauira, he tikanga ahuwhenua hei pupuri i te momona o te oneone.
Akoranga Take: Ngā Tikanga i roto i ngā Ahurea Rerekē
Hei whakamārama ake i te mahi a ngā kawa i roto i ngā ahurea rerekē, anei ētahi tauira tūturu mai i ngā tōpito rerekē o te ao:
1. Te Kawa Whakatō i te Iwi Maasai, Kenya
He tino uaua, he tohu hoki te kawa whakauru a te iwi Maasai o Kenya. He tukanga roa tēnei, he maha ngā wāhanga, mai i te kotinga ki te wā noho motuhake, ā, i reira ka ako ngā tāne i ngā tūranga me ngā kawenga o ngā mema pakeke o te iwi. Mā ēnei kawa ka ako i ngā uara ahurea, ka whakapakari hoki i ngā hononga pāpori i waenga i ngā mema o te iwi.
2. Ngaben Ceremony in Bali, Indonesia
He kawa tahu tūpāpaku a te iwi Hindu o Bali, he maha ngā kawa uaua e mahia ana mō ngā rā maha. E whakaponohia ana ka tukuna te wairua i te tinana e te ngaben, ā, ka haria ki te ao kei muri i te mate. Kei roto i tēnei raupapa kawa te hapori whānui, ā, ka whakapakari i te kotahitanga hapori, ka whakarato hoki i te whakamarie wairua ki te whānau e pouri ana.
3. Te Hakari o te Rā o te Hunga Mate i Mehiko
Ko te Rā o te Hunga Mate (Día de los Muertos) he hakari ā-tau i Mehiko e whakanui ana, e maumahara ana hoki ki te hunga mate. Ko te hakari he hanga aata me ngā whakaahua me ngā taonga o te hunga mate, te kai, me ngā putiputi. E whakaata ana tēnei kawa i te whanaungatanga tonu i waenga i te ora me te mate, ā, e whakauru ana i te hapori katoa ki tētahi whakanuinga ngātahi.
Ngā Mahi Hapori me te Hinengaro o ngā Tikanga
He maha ngā mahi pāpori me ngā mahi hinengaro a ngā kawa. I te taha pāpori, ka whakapakari ngā kawa i te kotahitanga me te noho tahi o te rōpū. Mā te whai wāhi tahi ki ngā kawa, ka rongo te tangata i te wāhi o tētahi hapori nui ake. Mā tēnei ka puta he tuakiri ā-rōpū, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā kare ā-roto o te mokemoke.
I te taha hinengaro, ka taea e ngā kawa te kawe mai i te marino me te whakamarie. I ngā wā o te raruraru, o te koretake rānei, ka whakaratohia e ngā kawa te mana whakahaere me te matapae. Ka āwhina tēnei i te tangata ki te aro atu ki te manukanuka me te ahotea. Ka taea hoki e ngā kawa te whakamahi hei taputapu mō te mārama me te pupuri i te tikanga o te ao, inā koa i ngā wā o ngā huringa nui, o ngā mate rānei.
Whakamutunga
Mā te mātauranga tangata o te whakapono me te ako i ngā kawa ka kitea he māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā huarahi e hangaia ai, e whakahāngaihia ai hoki te whakapono me ngā mahi wairua e ngā horopaki pāpori me ngā horopaki ahurea. Ko te kawa tētahi wāhanga matua o tēnei rangahau, e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga hei mārama ki te tikanga tohu me te mahi pāpori o ngā mahi whakapono. Mā te ruku hohonu ki ngā kawa puta noa i ngā ahurea, ka kitea e tātou ngā āhuatanga ōrite me ngā rerekētanga e whakarei ake ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā wheako tangata whānui. Mā te ako whānui, kāore te mātauranga tangata o te whakapono e whakawhānui noa i ō tātou mātauranga mātauranga engari e tuku ana hoki i ngā huarahi hou hei maioha ki te kanorau me te uaua o te oranga wairua me te oranga pāpori huri noa i te ao.
