Tātaritanga Tauwehenga Pūtea a te Kamupene
I te ao pakihi me te haumitanga, he taputapu nui te tātari ōwehenga pūtea hei aromatawai i te mahi a te kamupene me te pumau pūtea. Ehara i te mea ka mārama ake ngā mahi a te kamupene i ngā ōwehenga pūtea, engari ka āwhina hoki i ngā kaipupuri moni, i ngā kaituku nama, me ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakatau pai ake. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga maha o te tātari ōwehenga pūtea, tae atu ki ngā whakamāramatanga, ngā momo ōwehenga, me pēhea te whakamārama i aua mea kia whiwhi ai i te māramatanga hōhonu ki te āhua pūtea o te kamupene.
Te Mārama ki te Tātaritanga Tauwehenga Pūtea
Ko te tātari ōwehenga pūtea he tikanga hei aromatawai i te tūnga pūtea o tētahi kamupene mā te whakatairite i ngā uara rerekē i roto i ngā tauākī pūtea matua pērā i te pepa toenga, te tauākī moni whiwhi, me te tauākī rere moni. Ka whakawhirinaki ēnei ōwehenga ki ngā raraunga o mua, ā, ka taea te whakarato tirohanga ki te mahi o mua me ngā tūmanakohanga ā muri ake nei o tētahi kamupene.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā ōwehenga pūtea hei whakatairite i te mahi a ngā kamupene ōrite, hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere, te kaha ki te whakatutuki i ngā herenga wā poto me te wā roa, me te hua. Ka āwhina hoki te tātari ōwehenga ki te tautuhi i ngā raruraru pea i mua i te noho hei take nui.
Ngā Momo Tauwehenga Pūtea
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā ōwehenga pūtea ki ētahi wāhanga matua, ia wāhanga i hangaia hei ine i tētahi āhuatanga rerekē o te mahi me te hauora pūtea o tētahi kamupene.
1. Ōwehenga Wairewa
Ka inehia e ngā ōwehenga moni te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakatutuki i ana herenga wā poto ina tae ki te wā e tika ana. He mea nui ēnei ōwehenga mō ngā kaituku nama wā poto me ngā kaipupuri moni kia mārama ai mēnā he rawaka ngā rauemi a te kamupene hei utu i ana nama i roto i te wā tata. Ko ētahi o ngā ōwehenga moni noa ko:
– Ōwehenga o Nāianei:
\[
\text{Ōwehenga o Nāianei} = \frac{\text{Ngā Rawa o Nāianei}}{\text{Ngā Nama o Nāianei}}
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te kaha o te kamupene ki te utu i ngā nama wā poto me āna rawa o nāianei. Ko te ōwehenga nui ake i te 1 e tohu ana kei te rawaka ngā rawa o nāianei a te kamupene hei utu i āna nama.
– Tauwehenga Tere:
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Tere} = \frac{\text{Ngā Rawa o Nāianei} – \text{Taonga}}{\text{Ngā Nama o Nāianei}}
\]
He āhua matawhānui ake te āhua o te ōwehenga tere i te ōwehenga o nāianei nā te mea kāore e whakaurua ngā rawa, ā, ka roa ake pea te huri hei moni.
2. Ōwehenga Whakahoki Moni
Ka inehia e ngā ōwehenga utunga te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakatutuki i ana herenga wā roa. Ka āwhina ēnei ōwehenga i ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā kaituku nama ki te mārama ki te taumata o te mōrearea pūtea e pā ana ki te kamupene. Ko ētahi o ngā ōwehenga utunga nui ko:
– Te ōwehenga Nama ki te Pūtea:
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Nama ki te Pūtea} = \frac{\text{Tapeke Nama}}{\text{Tapeke Pūtea}}
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te nui o te pūtea a te nama ki tētahi kamupene, ki te whakatauritea ki te hea. Ko te ōwehenga teitei e tohu ana i te nui ake o te whakawhirinaki ki te pūtea nama.
– Ōwehenga Taupoki Huamoni:
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Taupoki Huamoni} = \frac{\text{EBIT}}{\text{Huamoni}}
\]
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te nui o te hua whakahaere a te kamupene e kapi ana i ana whakapaunga huamoni. Ko te ōwehenga teitei ake e tohu ana i te kaha ake o te kamupene ki te utu huamoni i runga i ana nama.
3. Ōwehenga Hua
Ka inehia e ngā ōwehenga hua te kaha o tētahi kamupene ki te whakaputa hua e pā ana ki ana hoko, rawa, hea rānei. He mea nui ēnei ōwehenga mō ngā kaipupuri moni e hiahia ana ki te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere me te pūmanawa hua o tētahi kamupene. Ko ētahi o ngā ōwehenga hua matua ko:
– Tapeke Hua Katoa:
\[
\text{Tapeke Hua Katoa} = \frac{\text{Paunga Katoa}}{\text{Hokonga Kupenga}} \whakanuia ki te 100\%
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te ōrau o ia tāra o ngā hoko e toe ana i muri i te tango i ngā utu hanga tika.
– Tapeke Hua Kupenga:
\[
\text{Tapeke Hua Kupenga} = \frac{\text{Paunga Kupenga}}{\text{Hokonga Kupenga}} \whakanuia ki te 100\%
\]
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te ōrau o te moni whiwhi e toe ana hei hua kupenga i muri i te tangohanga o ngā utu me ngā whakapaunga katoa.
– Te Whakahokinga Mai o ngā Rawa (ROA):
\[
\text{ROA} = \frac{\text{Painga Kupenga}}{\text{Tapeke Rawa}} \whakanuia ki te 100\%
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakaputa hua mai i ana rawa.
– Te Whakahokinga Mai i te Moni Whakawhiwhi (ROE):
\[
\text{ROE} = \frac{\text{Painga Kupenga}}{\text{Te Pūtea Katoa}} \whakanuia ki te 100\%
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te reiti hokinga mai ka whiwhi ngā kaipupuri hea i runga i ā rātou haumitanga.
4. Ōwehenga Whai Hua
Ka arotakehia e ngā ōwehenga whai hua te whai huatanga o tētahi kamupene ki te whakamahi i ana rawa hei whakaputa hoko. He maha ngā wā ka kitea ēnei ōwehenga i roto i ngā tātaritanga whakahaere mahi. Ko ētahi o ngā ōwehenga whai hua e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te ōwehenga Hurihanga Taonga:
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Hurihanga Taonga} = \frac{\text{Utu o ngā Taonga i Hokona}}{\text{Taonga Toharite}}
\]
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te auau o te whakakapinga o ngā rawa i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea.
– Ōwehenga Hurihanga Whiwhinga (Ōwehenga Hurihanga Whiwhinga):
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Hurihuri o ngā Whiwhinga} = \frac{\text{Hokonga Kupenga}}{\text{Ngā Pūkete Whiwhinga Toharite}}
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te tere o te kohikohi a te kamupene i ana nama nama.
– Ōwehenga Hurihuri Rawa Katoa (Ōwehenga Hurihuri Rawa Katoa):
\[
\text{Ōwehenga Hurihuri Rawa Katoa} = \frac{\text{Hokonga Kupenga}}{\text{Rawa Katoa}}
\]
Ka aromatawai tēnei ōwehenga i te whai huatanga o te whakamahi i ngā rawa katoa hei whakaputa moni whiwhi.
5. Ōwehenga Mākete
Mā ngā ōwehenga mākete ka kitea te uara o ngā hea o tētahi kamupene i te mākete hea. He mea nui ēnei ōwehenga mō ngā kaipupuri moni e hiahia ana ki te mārama mēnā he nui rawa te uara, he iti rawa rānei te uara o ngā hea o tētahi kamupene. Ko ētahi o ngā ōwehenga mākete matua ko:
– Te ōwehenga Utu ki te Whiwhinga (Ōwehenga P/E):
\[
\text{Ōwehenga P/E} = \frac{\text{Utu Hea}}{\text{Whiwhinga mō ia Hea}}
\]
Ka ine tēnei ōwehenga i te maha o ngā wā e hiahia ana ngā kaipupuri moni ki te utu mō ia tāra o ngā whiwhinga moni a te kamupene. Ka taea e te ōwehenga P/E teitei te tohu i ngā tumanakohanga tipu teitei.
– Te Hua o te Wehenga:
\[
\text{Hua o te Wehenga} = \frac{\text{Whāngai mō ia Hea}}{\text{Utu Hea}} \whakanuia ki te 100\%
\]
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te nui o te hua wehewehenga o tētahi hea e pā ana ki te utu o tōna hea.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu tino whai hua te tātari ōwehenga pūtea hei aromatawai i te mahi me te hauora pūtea o tētahi kamupene. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo ōwehenga pūtea me te whakamārama i aua momo, ka taea e ngā kaipupuri moni, ngā kaituku nama, me ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau rautaki me te whai whakaaro nui ake.
Kāore he ōwehenga kotahi e taea te whakarato i tētahi pikitia katoa o te āhua pūtea o tētahi kamupene. Nō reira, ko te tātaritanga whānui ko te whakamahi i ētahi ōwehenga me ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te ahumahi me ngā āhuatanga ōhanga. Nō reira, ko te tātari ōwehenga pūtea he tikanga nui tonu, he tikanga whai tikanga hoki i roto i te ao pakihi hihiri me te whakataetae o ēnei rā.
