Toi whakairoiro e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga tā tuku iho
Ko te tānga he peka o te toi ataahua e aro nui ana ki te tukanga tāruarua o ngā whakaahua mā roto i ngā tikanga tā. He rerekē ki ngā peita takitahi e kotahi noa te putanga, ka taea e te tānga te noho o tētahi mahi i roto i ngā putanga maha, me te pupuri tonu i tōna uara toi nā te mea ka hangaia mā roto i tētahi tukanga ā-ringa e hiahia ana ki te pūkenga, te tika, me te mārama ki te rauemi. I waenganui i te whanaketanga o te hangarau matihiko, kei te noho tonu ngā tikanga tā tuku iho, ā, kei te piki haere te rongonui, nā te mea he āhua tirohanga motuhake: he kakano, he tohu taputapu, he hapa e tino whiti ana, me te hohonutanga o te tukanga e ahua "ora" ana.
Ngā toi whakairoiro me te hiranga o ngā tikanga tā tuku iho
Ko ngā tikanga tā tuku iho i roto i te mahi tā e pā ana ki ngā tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi ā-tinana, pērā i te rakau, te rinoleum, ngā pereti whakarewa, ngā kōhatu lithography, ngā waituhi tā, me ngā pepa motuhake. He maha ngā wā ka uru ki te tukanga ngā mahi roa: te waihanga i tētahi hoahoa, te whakarite i te matihiko (te rauemi tā), te whakairo, te whakairo rānei, te whakamātautau (te whakamātautau tā), kātahi ka tā i ngā wāhanga tae noa ki te tutuki i te hua e hiahiatia ana. Me whakatau toi ia mahi, ehara i te mea hangarau anake. Koia te take e kiia ai te tā tuku iho ehara i te tikanga tārua whakaahua anake, engari he huarahi whakapuaki me tōna ake reo tirohanga.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he wāhi nui tō ngā tikanga tuku iho i roto i te hītori o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-kanohi. I mua i te whakaahua me ngā mīhini tā hou, i te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia ngā whakaahua pukapuka, ngā pānui, ngā mapi, tae noa ki ngā tuhi pūtaiao mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tā ā-ringa. Arā, he nui te wāhi i whai wāhi ai te mahi tā tuku iho ki te horapa o te mātauranga me te ahurea ā-kanohi o te hapori.
Ngā momo tikanga tā tuku iho i roto i ngā toi whakairoiro
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga tā tuku iho i roto i ngā toi whakairoiro ki ētahi rōpū nui: te tā whakairo, te tā intaglio, te planography, me te tā mata (serigraphy). He rerekē ngā mātāpono mahi me ngā āhuatanga tirohanga o ia momo.
1. Tānga whakairo: whakairo rakau me te whakairo lino
Ko te tānga kounga teitei he tikanga e waruhia ai, e tapahia rānei ngā wāhi kāore e tāia, ko ngā wāhi e toe ana ka whiwhi waituhi ka whakawhitia ki te pepa. E rua ngā tikanga rongonui o tēnei rōpū ko te whakairo rakau/rakau me te tapahi rino.
Ka whakamahia e ngā whakairo rakau he poraka rakau hei matihiko. Ka tuhia e te kaitoi he hoahoa ki te mata o te rakau, kātahi ka whakairohia he wāhi motuhake ki te whao. He kaha, he māia, he kakano hoki ngā whakairo rakau, nā te mea ka puta te kiko rakau hei huānga tirohanga. Ka hangaia e tēnei tikanga he āhua "ora" me te whakapuaki. I roto i te hītori toi, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ngā whakairo rakau mā roto i ngā mahi whakairoiro Pākehā o ngā tau waenga me te Renaissance, ā, i whakawhanakehia hoki i roto i ngā tikanga tānga Hapanihi pērā i te ukiyo-e.
Ka whakamahia e Linocut te linoleum hei utu mō te rakau. Nā te mea he ngawari ake tōna mata, ā, he iti ake te muka, ka taea e te linocut te hanga i ngā rārangi angiangi me ngā mata papatahi. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā hoahoa māia, ngā tākaro pango-mā, ngā tito whakapaipai rānei. I roto i ngā mahi o ēnei rā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te linocut mō ngā pānui toi, ngā whakaahua, me ngā mahi whakairoiro kaupapa pāpori.
2. Tānga Intaglio: whakairo, whakairo, me te ira maroke
He rerekē ki te tānga intaglio, ko te mahi a te tānga intaglio he rerekē te kaupapa: ka pania te waituhi ki ngā wāhi kua whakairohia, kua whakairohia rānei (ngā kōhao) i runga i te pereti. Ka horoia te mata o te pereti, kātahi ka pēhia te pepa kia kaha te neke i te waituhi mai i ngā kōhao. Ko ngā tānga intaglio he tino taipitopito, he hohonu te oro, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kitea he rārangi angiangi whakamiharo.
Ko te whakairo he tikanga whakairo i ngā pereti whakarewa (ko te nuinga he parahi, he konutea rānei) mā te whakamahi i te pūwero. He koi, he tika hoki ngā rārangi e puta mai ana, he tino pai mō ngā taipitopito uaua me te āhua tawhito.
Ka whakamahia te waikawa hei "ngau" i ngā wāhi e kitea ana o te pereti i roto i te whakairo. Ka pania e te kaitoi te pereti ki te paparanga whenua (paparanga tiaki), ka tāia ki te ngira whakairo hei whakaatu i te paparanga, kātahi ka tōia te pereti ki roto i te wai waikawa. Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea te herekore o ngā nekehanga nā te mea ka hangaia te ahua me te mea he tuhi tika.
Ka hangaia e te Drypoint he rārangi tika, kāore he waikawa, ka puta he rārangi ngohengohe, he huruhuru (pūpū), ka puta he āhua rotarota, he āhua piripono hoki. Heoi, ka tere te pakaru o te pūpū, nō reira he iti ake te maha o ngā tānga.
3. Planography (planography): te tuhi whakaahua
Ko te mahi a te tuhi whakaahua i runga i te mātāpono kāore te hinu me te wai e whakaranu. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia te kōhatu i roto i te tuhi whakaahua. Ka tuhi te kaitoi i te kōhatu ki ngā pene hinu, ki ngā waituhi motuhake rānei. Kātahi ka rongoatia te kōhatu ki te matū kia whakaaetia te waituhi e ētahi wāhanga o te ahua, ko ētahi wāhanga ia ka panaia te waituhi mā te mimiti i te wai.
Ko te painga o te tuhi whakaahua ko tōna kaha ki te hopu i te kounga o te ahua i tuhia ā-ringa: ngā nekehanga, ngā whiu pene rākau, me ngā momo oro ngawari. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te tuhi whakaahua mō ngā pānui toi, ngā whakaahua, me ngā mahi e hiahia ana ki te pānga peita. Ahakoa he uaua te tukanga, ā, e hiahiatia ana he taputapu motuhake, ko te tuhi whakaahua tonu tētahi o ngā tikanga tā tuku iho "toi" rawa atu e pā ana ki te ngāwari o te tirohanga.
4. Tānga mata (serigraphy): mata hiraka tuku iho
Ko te tānga mata hiraka he mea whakamahi i te kāpia (i mua ko te hiraka) kua totorohia ki runga i tētahi anga. Ko ngā wāhi kāore e tika kia puta te waituhi ka hipokina ki te emulsion, ki te stencil rānei, ā, ko ngā wāhi e kitea ana ka taea te pēhi i te waituhi ki runga i te pepa, ki te papanga rānei mā te whakamahi i te squeegee.
E mōhiotia ana te serigraphy mō ōna tae māia, ōna mata papatahi, me te kaha ki te tā ki ngā momo pāpāho maha, tae atu ki ngā kakahu. I roto i ngā toi o nāianei, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te serigraphy ki ngā pānui, te hoahoa whakairoiro, tae atu ki ngā toi rongonui. Ahakoa kei te wātea ngā putanga matihiko i nāianei, kei te mau tonu te serigraphy tuku iho i tōna āhua ataahua nā te mana whakahaere ā-ringa o te mangumangu, ngā paparanga tae, me te āheinga ki te whakamātautau i te kakano me te mārama.
Te uara ataahua me te ahurei o ngā mahi toi whakairoiro tuku iho
He āhua motuhake tō te tānga tuku iho, he uaua ki te tārua mā te tānga matihiko. Tuatahi, kei reira ngā "tohu tukanga" e kitea ana: te pēhanga pēhi, te matotoru o te waituhi, te kakano matihiko rānei. Tuarua, he rerekētanga ngawari o ia tānga, inā koa i roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakairo rakau, te ira maroke rānei. Mā ēnei rerekētanga ka āhua motuhake ia tānga, ahakoa i ahu mai i te matihiko kotahi.
Hei tāpiritanga, he pūnaha tau me te manatoko anō hoki ō ngā putanga tānga tuku iho. Ko te tikanga, ka hainatia, ka tauhia hoki e ngā kaitoi te putanga (hei tauira, 3/25), e tohu ana i te raupapa tānga i roto i te tapeke o ngā tārua. Ka tāpirihia he uara kohikohinga, ā, ka whakanuia te rohe whakaputa, he rerekē ki te whakaputa papatipu mutunga kore.
Te hiranga o ngā tikanga tuku iho i te ao matihiko
I tēnei wā o te hoahoa rorohiko me ngā mīhini tā kounga teitei, ka tukuna e ngā tikanga tā tuku iho tētahi huarahi kē atu hei whakataurite i te tere o te hangarau. He maha ngā kaitoi taitamariki e hoki ana ki te whakairo, ki te whakairo, ki te tuhi rānei i ngā whakaahua, e rapu ana i tētahi tukanga puhoi ake, whakaaroaro ake. Ka akiakihia hoki e ngā tikanga tuku iho te whakamātautau: te whakaranu i ngā tikanga, te whakatakoto i ngā tānga paparua, te whakamahi rānei i ngā rauemi rerekē pērā i te pepa hanga-ā-ringa, te papanga, me ngā mata hangarua.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te aranga ake o ngā hapori whare toi whakairoiro, ngā awheawhe, me ngā whakaaturanga tānga e whakaatu ana kei te mau tonu te tūranga nui o ngā tikanga tuku iho. Ehara i te mea ko te maumahara ki ngā wā o mua anake, engari he kōwhiringa ataahua me te huarahi auaha: te whakaute i ngā rauemi, te poipoi i te mahi toi, me te awhi i te tukanga hei wāhanga o te tikanga.
Te Katinga
Ko te tānga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tā tuku iho he tohu kāore te toi e whai tonu kia tere te whiwhi i te makona. Mai i ngā whakairo rakau whakahirahira me ngā whakairo taipitopito me te tuhituhi ātaahua ki ngā mahi whakairo matihiko, whai tae kanapa, he maha ngā momo reo tirohanga e tukuna ana e ngā tikanga tuku iho. Kei muri i ia whārangi tānga he raupapa o ngā whakatau toi, he mahi ā-ringa, me te kōrero hohonu ki te rauemi. Koinei te take e mau tonu ai te hiranga o te tānga tuku iho: e tuku ana i te ahurei, te mahi toi, me te wheako tirohanga e kore e taea te whakakapi ngāwari e te hangarau, me te whakatuwhera i ngā āheinga auaha mutunga kore mō ngā kaitoi puta noa i ngā whakatipuranga.
