Ngā Ariā Whakawhanaungatanga Ao: Te Tirotiro i ngā Pūtake o te Whakaaro Tōrangapū o te Ao
I roto i te rangahau i ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao, he tūāpapa nui ngā ariā mō te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga uaua e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā whenua, ngā kaiwhakaari kore-whenua, me ngā whakahaere ā-ao. I te mea ka hono haere te ao, ka uaua haere ngā wero o te ao, ka nui haere te hiranga o te mārama ki ēnei ariā. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi ariā matua i roto i ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao: Te Realism, te Liberalism, te Constructivism, te Marxism, me te Ariā Arohaehae, e tuku ana i tētahi huarahi ahurei ki te tātari i ngā āhuatanga o te ao.
Te Tūturutanga: Ngā Pānga me te Mana
Ko te Realism tētahi o ngā ariā tawhito rawa atu o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o ngā whenua hei kaiwhakaari matua, me te mana hei mea matua e awe ana i ngā whanaungatanga ā-rohe. E ai ki ngā kaipūtaiao realism, he ao pōrearea te ao ā-ao, kāore he mana matua e whakahaere ana i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whenua. E tirohia ana ngā whenua hei kaiwhakaari whakaaro nui e whai ana ki te whakanui ake i ō rātou painga ā-motu, inā koa i runga i te haumarutanga me te mana.
Ko ngā tino tangata rongonui o tēnei ariā ko Thucydides, Machiavelli, me Hobbes. I roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā, kua noho ko ngā ingoa pēnei i a Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, me John Mearsheimer hei tohu nui. I tautohe a Morgenthau ko te tōrangapū o te ao he pakanga tonu mō te mana, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-rohe i te taumata o te ao. I tautohe a Kenneth Waltz, me tana ariā o te Structural Realism, Neo-Realism rānei, ko te hanganga o te pūnaha o te ao—ehara i te āhua tangata, i te whanonga rānei o ngā whenua takitahi—e whakatau ana i ngā tauira whanonga i roto i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whenua.
Te Rīperaretanga: Te Mahi Ngātahi me ngā Whare Wānanga o te Ao
Ko te Rīpera, he ariā e rerekē ana ki te realism, he nui ake te tumanako mō te kaha o te mahi tahi ā-ao me te tūranga o ngā umanga ā-ao. E whakapono ana ngā Rīpera ehara i te mea ko te pakanga anake te mea e awehia ana e te mahi tahi me te whakawhirinakitanga o tetahi ki tetahi. Ehara i te mea ko ngā whenua anake ngā kaiwhakaari nui; he tūranga matua anō hoki tā ngā kaiwhakaari ehara i te whenua pērā i ngā whakahaere ā-ao, ngā umanga ā-ao, me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga kore.
Ko ētahi o ngā tino tangata o tēnei tikanga tuku iho ko John Locke, ko Immanuel Kant, me Woodrow Wilson. I te rautau 20, i whakawhanakehia anō tēnei ariā e ngā kaituhi pērā i a Karl Deutsch, Robert Keohane, me Joseph Nye. Nā Keohane rāua ko Nye i whakauru mai te ariā o te "Whakawhirinakitanga Matatini," e kī ana i roto i te ao hou, he hononga tata ngā take ōhanga, tōrangapū, me te pāpori, e hanga ana i tētahi taiao e pai ake ai te mahi tahi me te rangimārie. E kiia ana ko ngā umanga o te ao pērā i te UN, te WTO, me te IMF he tūranga nui ki te whakatau i ngā pakanga me te whakahaere i te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā iwi.
Te Hangahanga: Te Tuakiri me ngā Tikanga Hapori
I puta ake te ariā hanga-ā-roto hei tauhohenga ki te tautohetohe hohonu i waenganui i te realism me te liberalism i te mutunga o te rautau 20. E whakanui ana tēnei ariā ko te mooni o te ao e hangaia ana e ngā whakaaro, ngā tuakiri, me ngā tikanga pāpori. E whakapono ana ngā tohunga hanga-ā-roto ko te hanganga o te pūnaha o te ao e hangaia ana e ngā taunekeneke me ngā tirohanga i waenganui i ngā kaiwhakaari, ehara i te mea ko ngā kaha me te mana rauemi anake.
I kī pūmau a Alexander Wendt, tētahi o ngā tohunga ariā matua o te hanganga-ā-roto, "ko te anarki te mea e hangaia ai e ngā kāwanatanga," me te whakanui kāore he hanganga anarki ā-roto i roto i te pūnaha o te ao. E ai ki a Wendt me ētahi atu tohunga hanganga-ā-roto, ko ngā tikanga me ngā tuakiri e puritia ana e ngā kāwanatanga me ētahi atu kaiwhakaari e whakatau ana i ngā tauira whanonga i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao. Hei tauira, ko ngā tikanga tika tangata e piki haere ana te mōhiotia whānuitia o te ao kua huri i te whanonga o ngā kāwanatanga e pā ana ki te whakahaere i ō rātou ake tāngata whenua.
Mākisīmi: Te Tauritekore o te Ōhanga me te Emepaea
I roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, ka nekehia te arotahi mai i ngā pakanga mana i waenga i ngā whenua ki ngā whanaketanga karaehe me te kore taurite ōhanga o te ao. E ahu mai ana tēnei ariā i ngā mahi a Karl Marx, nāna i kī ko te ōhanga te tūāpapa o ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā hanganga tōrangapū katoa. E whakapono ana ngā Marxist i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, ko te pūnaha tārewa o te ao te mea e hanga ana i ngā kore taurite e pūtake ana i ngā pakanga o te ao.
Ko Immanuel Wallerstein, me tana ariā Pūnaha Ao, tētahi o ngā tino tangata i whakawhānui i te whakaaro o Marx ki te ao whānui. I whakaahuahia e Wallerstein te ao hei pūnaha pūtea kore taurite, e whakamahia ana e ngā iwi matua ngā iwi taha. I kitea te pakanga me te kore pumau hei hua tika o tēnei mahi tukino ōhanga. Haunga a Wallerstein, i whai wāhi nui anō hoki ngā tāngata pēnei i a Antonio Gramsci me tana ariā mō te mana ahurea, inā koa ki te mārama me pēhea te urunga mai o ngā whakaaro pūtea me te whakatū i a ia anō ki roto i te ao whānui.
Ariā Arohaehae: Te Rapu i te Whakaoranga me te Hurihanga
Ko te Ariā Arohaehae i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, e hono pinepine ana ki te Kura o Frankfurt, ka tīmata me te whāinga ki te whakahē me te whakarerekē i te tikanga o te ao. Ka whakahē i ngā whakaaro taketake o te realism me te liberalism, me te tautohe ko ēnei ariā e whakaae ana ki te āhua o nāianei, ā, kāore i te tino whakahē i ngā hihiri mana me te hē o te ao.
I rongonui a Robert Cox, tētahi o ngā tino pou o te ariā arohaehae i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao, i tana kī "he mea mō tētahi, ā, mō tētahi kaupapa tonu te ariā." E whakaatu ana tēnei he rerekē ngā whakaaro me ngā pānga o ia ariā. E whai ana a Cox me ētahi atu tohunga ariā arohaehae ki te whakamana i ngā rōpū e tukinotia ana, me te tautoko i ngā huringa pāpori, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga tika ake. E whakanui ana te ariā arohaehae i te hiranga o te whakaoranga hei whāinga matua, ā, e akiaki ana i ngā huringa hanganga i roto i te pūnaha o te ao.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā ariā whanaungatanga ā-ao e whakarato ana i ngā anga tātari whai hua mō te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te ao ā-ao. Ko te Realism, me tōna arotahi ki te mana me te haumarutanga, ko te Liberalism, me tōna whakapono ki te mahi tahi me ngā umanga ā-ao, ko te Constructivism, me tōna aro ki ngā tikanga pāpori me ngā tuakiri, ko te Marxism, me tōna arotake i te kore taurite ōhanga, me te Ariā Arohaehae, me tōna pana ki te huringa me te whakaoranga, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga nui mō te tātari i ngā āhuatanga o te ao.
Ahakoa ngā whakaaro me ngā arotahi rerekē, he taputapu ia ariā hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā māramatanga mai i ēnei ariā, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi māramatanga whai kiko ake, whai matatini ake hoki mō te ao hurihuri. Hei tohunga, hei kaihanga kaupapa here, hei tāngata noa rānei e hiahia ana ki ngā whanaketanga o te ao, mā te māramatanga hohonu ake ki ēnei ariā ka āwhina i a tātou, ehara i te mea ko te whakamārama noa i ngā kaupapa o te ao engari ko te rapu huarahi ki tētahi ao tika ake, rangimārie ake hoki.
