Te Whakamāramatanga o ngā Hononga ā-Ao i te Wā Hou
He kaupapa ako nui haere tonu te whanaungatanga ā-ao (IR) i roto i tētahi ao honohono. Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau, te tere o te rere o ngā mōhiohio, te pikinga o te nekenekehanga o te tangata, me te kaha haere o te hokohoko ā-ao kua waiho ngā taunekeneke whakawhiti-rohe hei wāhanga o te oranga o ia rā. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko te mārama ki te whakamāramatanga o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao i tēnei wā hou me nui atu i te tirotiro noa i ngā whanaungatanga ā-rohe; me whakauru hoki te tūranga o ngā kaiwhakaari ehara i te kāwanatanga, ngā take ā-ao, me ngā huringa mana e tere haere ana te huri.
Te Mārama ki ngā Hononga ā-Ao
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te tautuhi i ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao hei ako me te mahi i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā kaiwhakaari i runga i te atamira o te ao. Kei roto i ēnei kaiwhakaari ko ngā whenua hei kaiwhakaari matua, engari kei roto hoki ko ngā whakahaere o te ao, ngā umanga ā-motu, ngā whakahaere kore-kāwanatanga (NGO), ngā rōpū hapori tangata, tae atu ki ngā tāngata whai mana. Ka ako te IR i te taunekeneke, te mahi tahi, te whakataetae, me te hanga i ngā ture e awe ana i te ao.
Ko ngā whakamāramatanga tawhito mō ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao e aro nui ana ki te kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te haumarutanga, me te pakanga. Heoi, kua whānui ake te whānuitanga o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao i tēnei ao hou, tae atu ki te ōhanga o te ao, ngā raruraru taiao, te hauora o te ao, te hekenga mai, te hangarau matihiko, te haumarutanga tukutuku, me ngā take tika tangata. Arā, ehara i te mea ko te whakahaere a ngā whenua i ā rātou whanaungatanga "ki tāwāhi" anake te kaupapa o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao, engari ko te whakahaere hoki i te ao mā roto i ngā taunekeneke uaua whakawhiti-rohe.
Te Whanaketanga o ngā Whakamāramatanga i te Wā Hou
Ka taea te whai i te rerekētanga o te whakamāramatanga o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao mā te whanaketanga o te pūnaha ā-ao. I ōna rā tōmua, i whakawhirinaki nui ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao ki te ariā o te whenua-motu hei kaiwhakaari matua. Ko tōna arotahi matua ko te mana motuhake, te parepare, ngā hononga, me te pakanga. Heoi, kua whakatipuhia e te ao whānui te whanaungatanga kaha i waenga i ngā whenua. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka pā tika ngā kaupapa here o tētahi whenua ki ētahi atu whenua, tae atu ki te hapori whānui o te ao.
Hei tauira, ka taea e te raruraru ōhanga i tētahi whenua te whakaoho i te paheketanga o te ao. Ka taea e te pakanga i tētahi rohe te whakaoho i te raruraru rerenga puta noa i te whenua. Ko ngā ahi ngahere, ngā tukunga waro, te parahanga moana rānei e whiti ana i ngā rohe o te motu. Nō reira, ko ngā whakamāramatanga hou o te IR e aro ana ki ngā "raruraru noa," kaua ko ngā painga o te motu anake.
Ngā Kaiwhakaari i roto i ngā Hononga ā-Ao o ēnei rā
I roto i te whakamāramatanga hou, kua kanorau ake ngā kaiwhakaari o ngā Hononga ā-Ao:
1. Whenua
Ko te kāwanatanga tonu te mea nui, kei a ia te mana motuhake, te mana hōia, te mana whakatakoto kaupapa here, me te kaha ki te haina i ngā whakaaetanga ā-ao. Heoi, ko te mahi a te kāwanatanga i nāianei ko te "whiriwhiri" me ngā pēhanga mākete o te ao, ngā whakaaro o te marea, me ngā tikanga o te ao.
2. Ngā Whakahaere o te Ao
He mahi tā te UN, te WHO, te WTO, te IMF, me ngā whakahaere ā-rohe pēnei i a ASEAN me te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ki te whakatakoto ture, ki te whakatau i ngā pakanga, me te whakahaere i te mahi tahi. He wāhi tōrangapū anō hoki ngā whakahaere o te ao, hei wāhi e whai ai ngā whenua i ō rātou hiahia me te hanga hononga tahi.
3. Ngā Kamupene Ao Whānui
Ka taea e ngā kamupene o te ao te neke i te whakapaipai, te hangarau, me ngā mahi ki tua atu i ngā rohe. Ko ētahi kamupene ka whakaputa moni whiwhi e rite ana, e nui ake rānei i te GDP o ngā whenua iti. Ka taea e rātou te awe i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga, te whakahaere raraunga, tae atu ki te rautaki pūngao.
4. Ngā NGO me te Hapori Tangata Whenua
Kei ngā whakahaere pēnei i a Amnesty International, Greenpeace, ngā tari āwhina tangata o te ao rānei te kaha ki te awe i ngā whakaaro o te marea, te whakatenatena i te huringa kaupapa here, me te hanga paerewa ā-ao mō ngā tika tangata, te taiao, me ngā āwhina tangata.
5. Ngā Takitahi me ngā Rōpū o te Ao Whānui
Ka taea e ngā tāngata rongonui, ngā mātauranga, ngā kaiwhakatairanga, ngā hapori iwi kē, tae atu ki ngā rōpū tino kaha te awe i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao mā roto i ngā whatunga matihiko me te whakaohooho i te marea. Kua tino piki ake te awe o te tangata takitahi ki ngā take o te ao i te ao pāpāho pāpori.
Mā te mōhio ki ēnei momo kaiwhakaari, ka whānui ake te whakamāramatanga o ngā Hononga ā-Ao o ēnei rā, ā, ka pono ake te whakaahua i te mahi a te ao.
Ngā Take Matua i roto i ngā Hononga ā-Ao o ēnei Rā
Ko te whakamāramatanga hou o te IR e tohuhia ana hoki e ngā take uaua haere, e hono tahi ana hoki, tae atu ki:
– Te haumarutanga tuku iho me ngā tūmomo haumarutanga kore-tuku iho: haunga ngā tūmomo whakawehi hōia, kei te anga atu te ao ki te whakamataku, te haumarutanga kai, te haumarutanga pūngao, me te haumarutanga hauora.
– Te huringa āhuarangi: he take rautaki nā te mea ka pā ki ngā rauemi, te hekenga mai me te pumau o te ao tōrangapū.
– Hangarau me te haumarutanga tukutuku: te whakataetae mō te mana hangarau, ngā whakaekenga ipurangi, ngā kōrero teka, me ngā tautohetohe mō te tūmataitinga raraunga.
– Te ōhanga tōrangapū o te ao: ngā pakanga hokohoko, ngā mekameka tuku taonga o te ao, te haumitanga ki tāwāhi, me te mana o ngā moni me ngā pūnaha pūtea o te ao.
– Ngā tika tangata me te manapori: he pūtake o te mahi tahi me te pakanga, inā koa ka tukituki ngā uara ā-rohe ki ngā tikanga o te ao.
I runga i tēnei whānuitanga o ngā take, e hiahiatia ana e ngā Hononga ā-Ao o ēnei rā he tātaritanga maha-mātauranga, e whakakotahi ana i te ao tōrangapū, te ōhanga, te ture, te pāpori, tae atu ki te pūtaiao me te hangarau taiao.
Ngā Tirohanga Ariā: Me pēhea te Mārama ki te Whakamāramatanga o te IR
I roto i ngā rangahau mātauranga, ka awehia hoki te whakamāramatanga o ngā Hononga ā-Ao e ngā ariā matua:
– Te Realism: e titiro ana ki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao hei wāhi mō ngā pakanga mana i waenga i ngā whenua. Ko ngā whenua ngā kaiwhakaari matua, ā, ko te haumarutanga te kaupapa matua.
– Te Rīperara: e whakanui ana i te mahi tahi, ngā umanga o te ao, te hokohoko, me te manapori hei take mō te hanga i te rangimārie.
– Te Hangahanga: e kite ana ko ngā tuakiri, ngā tikanga, me ngā ariā te mea e hanga ana i ngā whanonga o ngā kaiwhakaari o te ao, ehara i te mana ā-tinana anake.
– Te Marxism, te ariā arohaehae rānei: e whakaatu ana i te kore taurite o te ao, te mana ōhanga, me ngā whanaungatanga pokapū-taha i roto i te pūnaha tāpua o te ao.
E whakaatu ana ēnei tirohanga rerekē ehara te whakamāramatanga o te IR i te mea takitahi, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tirohanga a te tangata ki te ao me ngā āhuatanga e kiia ana he mea tino whakatau.
Ngā Hononga ā-Ao hei Mahi me te Ako
Ehara i te mea he mara mātauranga noa iho ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao, engari he mara mahi anō hoki. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te whiriwhiringa tiriti, te whakahaere raruraru, te whakatakoto kaupapa here ā-iwi, tae noa ki te tūranga o ngā misioni pupuri rangimārie, he whakaaturanga tūturu o te IR hei mahi. I taua wā, hei rangahau, ko te whāinga a te IR he whakarato whakamārama me ngā tātaritanga pūnaha mō ngā tauira o te pakanga, te mahi tahi, me ngā huringa o te ao whānui.
I tēnei ao hou, kua pōuri haere ngā rohe i waenga i ngā take ā-rohe me ngā take ā-ao. Ko ngā whakataunga tōrangapū ā-rohe—hei tauira, te kaupapa here pūngao, te ture ipurangi, te urupare rānei ki te mate urutā—ka tere tonu te noho hei take ā-ao. Nō reira, me whakaata te whakamāramatanga hou o te IR i te mooni e mahi ana te ao i roto i ngā whatunga, ehara i te mea ko ngā whanaungatanga ōkawa noa iho i waenga i ngā kāwanatanga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakamāramatanga o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao i tēnei ao hou he māramatanga ki ngā taunekeneke uaua, whakawhiti-rohe e uru ana ki ngā kaiwhakaari maha, ngā take kanorau, me ngā huringa mana me ngā tikanga o te ao. He mea nui tonu ngā whenua, engari kāore rātou e noho motuhake ana. Ko ngā whakahaere ā-ao, ngā umanga ā-motu, te hapori whānui, me te hangarau matihiko katoa e hanga ana i te ahunga o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao.
I roto i te horopaki o te ao e whakawhirinaki ana tetahi ki tetahi, ko ngā whanaungatanga o te ao te mea nui ki te mārama ki te ara ake o ngā pakanga, me pēhea te hanga mahi tahi, me pēhea hoki te whakahaere ngātahi i ngā raruraru o te ao. Nō reira, ko te ako me te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga o te ao i tēnei wā hou he mea nui ehara i te mea mō ngā tāngata whenua me ngā tohunga mātauranga anake, engari mō te marea whānui hoki e noho tahi ana me te pānga tika o ngā whakataunga o te ao.
