Usoro Mmepụta Plastik Polyethylene na Ojiji Ya na Paịpụ
Polyethylene (PE) bụ otu n'ime plastik ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụwa niile n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche, ọnụ ahịa ya dị ala, mfe nhazi ya, na ezigbo iguzogide kemịkalụ. N'ụbọchị niile, polyethylene dị n'ụdị dị iche iche: akpa ịzụ ahịa, nkwakọ nri, karama, na ọbụna ihe ndị dị na injinia dịka paịpụ maka mmiri dị ọcha, gas, na netwọk mmiri mmiri. Isiokwu a na-atụle usoro mmepụta polyethylene site na ihe eji emepụta ruo na ngwaahịa emechara, wee gosipụta ihe mere ihe a ji dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ paịpụ.
Ịmata Polyethylene: Ụdị na Njirimara Ndị Bụ Isi
Polyethylene bụ polima nke e ji ethylene monomers (C₂H₄) mee. Mgbe e tinyere polima na ethylene monomers, njikọ abụọ ha na-agbaji, na-emepụta agbụ ogologo - (CH₂–CH₂) - nke na-emepụta ọkpụkpụ azụ nke polima ahụ. Ọdịiche dị na usoro polimaziation, ihe na-akpali akpali, na ọnọdụ ọrụ na-ebute mgbanwe na nhazi yinye na ogo nke alaka, nke na-emetụta ihe onwunwe na ngwa igwe.
Ụdị polyethylene a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
1. LDPE (Polyethylene dị ala): nwere ọtụtụ alaka, ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe karịa, ọ na-agbaze nke ọma, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ihe nkiri/ngwugwu.
2. HDPE (Polyethylene dị elu): agbụ ígwè ndị ọzọ dị larịị, kristal dị elu, siri ike ma sie ike, a na-ejikarị ya eme karama, ite jerry na paịpụ.
3. LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene): linear nwere alaka dị mkpụmkpụ, siri ike maka ihe nkiri na ngwa ndị chọrọ mgbochi anya mmiri.
4. PE-RT (Polyethylene nke Elu Okpomọkụ Na-eguzogide): nke e mere maka iguzogide okpomọkụ ka mma, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na sistemụ mmiri ọkụ ụfọdụ.
5. PE100/PE80 (ọkwa maka paịpụ): nhazi nke ihe paịpụ dabere na ike ogologo oge (MRS) na arụmọrụ; PE100 ka mma n'ike na arụmọrụ ọkpụrụkpụ mgbidi.
Maka ngwa paịpụ, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ HDPE na ọkwa paịpụ dịka PE80 ma ọ bụ PE100 n'ihi nrụgide dị elu ha, nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ, na ndụ ogologo oge ọrụ.
Ihe Ndị A Na-emepụta: Site na Mmanụ ma ọ bụ Gas ruo Ethylene
N'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ethylene dị ka ihe bụ isi maka polyethylene na-abụkarị site na:
– Mmanụ ala (naphtha) ma ọ bụ
- Gas sitere n'okike (ethane/propane)
Usoro kachasị eji emepụta ethylene bụ mgbawa steam. N'ime usoro a, a na-ekpo ọkụ naphtha ma ọ bụ ethane ruo okpomọkụ dị elu (ihe dị ka 750–900°C) ruo obere oge n'ime ọkụ nwere steam. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịgbawa molekul hydrocarbon ka ha bụrụ obere, gụnyere ethylene, propylene, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Mgbe ọ gbawara agbawa, a na-ajụ oyi ngwa ngwa (na-emenyụ) iji gbochie mmeghachi omume ọzọ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekewapụ ya site na iji mkpakọ, oyi, na ntụpụ nke fractional iji nweta ethylene dị ọcha nke ukwuu. ethylene a na-abanye na ngalaba polymerization.
Usoro Mmezi Polymerization: Ịmepụta Chain Polyethylene
Usoro ime polyethylene bụ imepụta ethylene n'ụzọ dị mkpa. N'ozuzu, e nwere ụzọ atọ dị mkpa a maara nke ọma:
1. Radical Polymerization (N'ozuzu maka LDPE)
A na-ejikarị usoro polymerization dị elu eme ihe site na iji ihe mmalite radical. Nrụgide ahụ nwere ike ịdị oke elu (ruo ọtụtụ puku ogwe) yana okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị elu nke ukwuu. Ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke njọ na-agba ume ka agbụ polymer gbasaa na-enweghị usoro, na-ebute obere njupụta na mgbanwe ka ukwuu.
2. Iji ihe na-eme ka ihe dị mma (HDPE na LLDPE) mee ka ihe dị mma
Maka HDPE na LLDPE, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eji ọtụtụ ihe mkpali dịka:
– Ziegler–Natta
- Phillips catalyst (chromium)
- Metallocene (njikwa nhazi nke oge a, nke ka mma)
Usoro a nwere ike ime na obere nrụgide karịa LDPE ma enwere ike ime ya na ọtụtụ ụdị reactor:
– Usoro slurry (polymer kwụsịrị na ihe mgbaze)
- Usoro usoro gas (mmeghachi omume n'oge gas, nke a na-ahụkarị maka mmepụta buru ibu)
- Usoro ngwọta (polymer na-agbaze na ihe mgbaze na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ)
A na-ekpebi nhọrọ usoro site na ebumnuche ngwaahịa: njupụta, nkesa ibu molekul, iguzogide mgbawa, na ịdị mfe nke nhazi ọzọ.
Ogbo Mgbe Polymerization gasịrị: Site na ntụ ruo na pellets
Ngwaahịa nke ihe nrụpụta polymerization na-abụkarị ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ granules siri ike. Tupu ọ ghọọ ngwaahịa ikpeazụ, ihe ahụ ga-agafe ọtụtụ usoro dị mkpa:
1. Nkewa na nhicha
A ga-ewepụ ma ọ bụ belata monomers, ihe mgbaze, ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali fọdụrụnụ ruo n'ọkwa dị mma. Nke a na-emetụta ịdị mma nke ngwaahịa, isi ísì, na nkwụsi ike.
2. Mgbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye (nchịkọta)
A naghị eji polyethylene dị ọcha eme ihe na-enweghị ihe mgbakwunye. Maka itinye paịpụ, ihe mgbakwunye a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere:
– Antioxidants: na-egbochi mmebi n'oge nhazi na ojiji ogologo oge.
– ihe na-eme ka UV sie ike / carbon ojii: ọ dị mkpa ka ọkpọkọ dị n'èzí ghara iguzogide anyanwụ.
- Enyemaka nhazi: na-enyere aka mee ka mmiri ahụ kwụsie ike n'oge extrusion.
– Agba: dịka ọmụmaatụ ahịrị acha anụnụ anụnụ maka mmiri dị ọcha, ahịrị odo odo maka gas (dabere na ọkọlọtọ/obodo).
3. Mwepụ na ịkpụcha ihe
A na-agbaze ihe ahụ n'ime ihe e ji eme ihe, gwakọta ya na ihe mgbakwunye, wee bee ya ka ọ bụrụ pellet. A na-eziga pellet ndị a n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị ka paịpụ.
Mmepụta Paịpụ Polyethylene: Usoro Mbupụ Paịpụ
A na-ejikarị ọkpọkọ polyethylene emepụta paịpụ. Isi ihe ndị a gụnyere:
1. Inye mkpụrụ osisi n'ime hopper ahụ
Mkpụrụ PE na-abanye n'ime ihe na-ewepụta ihe mgbe niile.
2. Ịgbaze na ịgwakọta ihe n'ime ihe na-ewepụta ihe
Ihe na-eme ka skru ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-amanye ihe ahụ ka ọ gbazee otu otu. Njikwa okpomọkụ dị mkpa iji gbochie mmebi okpomọkụ.
3. Nhazi paịpụ n'ime ihe e ji ebu (ebu)
Mgbaze ahụ na-esi n'ihe e ji ihe dị ka mgbaaka apụta wee mepụta tube.
4. Nhazi na ịjụ oyi
Paịpụ ahụ dị nro na-agafe na ihe nhazi (na-ejikarị ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro) iji mee ka dayameta na ọkpụrụkpụ mgbidi dị n'otu nkọwapụta. Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji mmiri eme ka paịpụ ahụ dị jụụ.
5. Ịkwapụ na ịcha
Igwe na-adọpụ paịpụ ahụ na-adọkpụ ya n'ọsọ kwụ ọtọ. A na-ebipụ paịpụ ahụ ruo ogologo ya kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ya (maka obere dayameta).
6. Akara na nyocha
A na-eji akara ndị a mara paịpụ ndị a: akara, dayameta, SDR, ọkwa nrụgide, ọkọlọtọ, na ụbọchị mmepụta. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eme nyocha nha na ule àgwà pụrụ iche.
Gịnị mere polyethylene ji dị mma maka ọkpọkọ?
Iji paịpụ eme ihe chọrọ ngwakọta nke ihe ndị ọzọ anaghị ezute ngwa ngwa. Polyethylene, ọkachasị HDPE/PE100, bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi na:
1. Njehie na kemịkalụ na-eguzogide
N'adịghị ka ígwè, PE anaghị agba nchara. Ọ na-eguzogide ọtụtụ kemịkalụ, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka mmiri, mmiri mkpofu, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
2. Na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-eguzogide mgbawa
Paịpụ PE nwere ike iguzogide mgbanwe ala na ibu dị ike karịa ihe siri ike. Nke a dị mkpa n'ebe ala ọma jijiji na-adịkarị ma ọ bụ ala na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.
3. Obere njupụta, njem na ntinye dị mfe
Ọ dị mfe karịa ígwè ma ọ bụ simenti, nke na-eme ka nkesa na ntinye ya dịkwuo mfe.
4. Enwere ike ime ka njikọ sie ike nke ukwuu
Enwere ike ijikọta ọkpọkọ PE site na njikọ butt ma ọ bụ electrofusion, na-emepụta nkwonkwo nke, mgbe emechara ya nke ọma, nwere ike ịdị ike karịa paịpụ ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe ọ na-ebelata ntapụ mmiri.
5. Ogologo ndụ ọrụ
Site na nhazi na ntinye kwesịrị ekwesị, paịpụ PE nwere ike ịdịru ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ na-akọwapụta ndụ nhazi nke ruru afọ 50 n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.
Ngwa Polyethylene Paịpụ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dị iche iche
A na-eji ọkpọkọ polyethylene eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere:
– Nkesa mmiri dị ọcha: netwọk paịpụ obodo, njikọ ụlọ, paịpụ nnyefe na nkesa.
– Paịpụ gas: HDPE kpọmkwem maka gas nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike, nke a na-ejikarị agba kpọmkwem akara.
– Ịgba mmiri n'ugbo: ọ na-eguzogide fatịlaịza na kemịkalụ, ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe maka nnukwu ala.
– Sistemụ mkpofu na mmiri mmiri: gụnyere paịpụ corrugated maka mmiri mmiri.
– Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na igwu ala: maka slurries, nhazi mmiri, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri n'ihi ezigbo mmịpụta ya na iguzogide kemịkalụ (dabere na ọnọdụ ọrụ).
Penutup
Usoro mmepụta polyethylene na-amalite site na mmepụta ethylene site na mgbawa uzuoku, wee soro polymerization site na iji ụzọ na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe sie ike na-ekpebi ụdị PE, wee soro ngwakọta na pelletization. Maka ojiji paịpụ, a na-ejizi polyethylene eme ihe site na mpụta paịpụ yana njikwa nha siri ike. Nchikota nke iguzogide nchara, mgbanwe, ike ogologo oge, na ikike ịmepụta njikọ siri ike na-eme ka paịpụ polyethylene—karịsịa HDPE/PE100—bụ nhọrọ mbụ maka akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka mmiri dị ọcha, gas, na ịgba mmiri.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịgbanwe edemede a ka o kwekọọ n'ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ SNI/ISO), ma ọ bụ tinye ngalaba raara onwe ya nye na paramita nhazi paịpụ dịka SDR, PN, na butt fusion vs electrofusion welding.
