Otu esi eme plastik polycarbonate na ojiji ya na anya anya
Polycarbonate (PC) bụ ụdị plastik injinia a ma ama maka ike mmetụta ya dị oke elu, nghọta ya dị ka iko, ịdị mfe nhata, na nkwụsi ike nha ya. N'ihi njikọta nke ihe onwunwe a, a na-eji polycarbonate eme ihe maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche: site na ihe mkpuchi ihu na ihe ndị dị n'ụgbọala ruo na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị, ruo na ngwa anya dị ka lenzi anya, ihe mkpuchi okpu agha, na lenzi ihe mkpuchi ngwa. Isiokwu a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke otu esi emepụta plastik polycarbonate ma kọwaa ihe kpatara ihe a ji ewu ewu maka lenzi anya.
1. Ịghọta Polycarbonate: Ọdịdị na Àgwà ya
Polycarbonate bụ polima thermoplastic, nke pụtara na enwere ike ịgbaze ya ma gbanwee ya. A na-ejikarị usoro polima ya eme ihe site na otu carbonate (-O-(C=O)-O-) nke ejikọtara na akụkụ aromatic (nke a na-enwetakarị site na bisphenol A). Nhazi a na-enye ya ọtụtụ ihe pụrụ iche:
1. Nnukwu nghọta: Enwere ike ime ka PC doo anya nke ọma, dị nso na iko, nke na-eme ka ọ dabara adaba maka ihe ndị dị na anya.
2. Nguzogide mmetụta dị mma: Ma e jiri ya tụnyere acrylic (PMMA), PC na-eguzogide ike imebi n'ihi mmetụta.
3. Nguzogide Okpomọkụ: Nwere okpomọkụ mgbanwe iko (Tg) nke ihe dịka 145–150°C, na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike na okpomọkụ ọrụ dị elu karịa ọtụtụ plastik nkịtị.
4. Ọ dị mfe ịhazi: Enwere ike ịmepụta ya ka ọ bụrụ mpempe akwụkwọ, lenzi, ma ọ bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya site na ịgba ọgwụ, mkpụpụ, na usoro ndị ọzọ.
Agbanyeghị, polycarbonate nwekwara nsogbu ndị ọzọ: ọ na-akpụ akpụ ngwa ngwa, ọ nwere ike imebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ UV na-enweghị ihe mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ mkpuchi, ọ na-enwekwa mmetụta maka ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze na kemịkalụ. Ya mere, a na-achọkarị nchekwa ọzọ maka anya anya.
2. Isi ihe eji emepụta Polycarbonate
N'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a na-ejikarị polycarbonate eme ihe ndị a:
– Bisphenol A (BPA): monomer diol aromatic nke bụ “ọkpụkpụ azụ” nke usoro PC.
– Phosgene (COCl₂) ma ọ bụ diphenyl carbonate (DPC), dabere na ụzọ usoro ahụ si aga.
– Ihe ndị na-akpali akpali, ihe mgbaze, na ihe mgbakwunye: iji chịkwaa mmeghachi omume, ibu molekul, nkwụsi ike agba, na iguzogide okpomọkụ/UV.
Ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa nke nhazi na ọnọdụ ọrụ dabere nke ukwuu na teknụzụ mmepụta, isi ihe bụ ime mmeghachi omume polymerization nke na-emepụta njikọ carbonate n'etiti monomers.
3. Ụzọ Mmepụta Polycarbonate n'Ụlọ Ọrụ
E nwere ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa maka mmepụta polycarbonate n'ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe: usoro phosgenation (interfacial polymerization) na usoro transesterification (usoro ịgbaze). Ha abụọ bu n'obi imepụta polima nwere oke molekul dị elu na ezigbo mma anya.
A. Mmezipụ Polymerization n'etiti ihu site na iji Phosgene
Usoro ochie maka mmepụta PC gụnyere imeghachi omume BPA na phosgene. Usoro a na-eme n'ime usoro abụọ (ọ na-abụkarị usoro mmiri na usoro organic), ya mere a na-akpọ ya njikọta polymerization interfacial. Usoro ndị a bụ ndị a:
1. Nhazi nke ngwọta BPA
A na-agbaze BPA na mmiri alkaline (dịka ọmụmaatụ NaOH) iji mepụta nnu phenoxide na-emegharị ahụ.
2. Mmeghachi omume na phosgene na interface nke usoro
A na-ewebata Phosgene ma na-emeghachi omume na nhazi nke otu carbonate. Iji chịkwaa uto nke yinye polymer, a na-eji ihe ndị na-akwụsị ihe na ihe ndị na-akpali akpali kpọmkwem.
3. Nhazi na nkewa nke polima
Polycarbonate nke a na-esi na ya apụta na-agbaze n'oge a na-emepụta ihe. Mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gwụchara, a na-ekewapụ ngwakọta ahụ ma saa ya iji wepụ ihe mkpali, nnu, ma ọ bụ ihe mmeghachi omume ọ bụla fọdụrụ.
4. Mwepụ ihe mgbaze na nkwa ịdị mma
A na-ekewa ihe mgbaze ahụ (mweghachi), mgbe ahụ, a na-agbaze resin PC ma mee ka ọ bụrụ pellets dị njikere maka nhazi.
Usoro a nwere ike imepụta PC nwere ezigbo mma, mana iji phosgene (ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu) na-eme ka nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị nrụpụta agbanweela teknụzụ gaa na usoro ịgbaze.
B. Usoro Ngbaze Mgbanwe site na iji Diphenyl Carbonate
Ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ a na-ahụkarị bụ mmeghachi omume transesterification n'etiti BPA na DPC na oke okpomọkụ. Na nchịkọta:
1. Ịgwakọta BPA na DPC
A na-agwakọta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na ihe na-akpali akpali kwesịrị ekwesị.
2. Mmeghachi omume transesterification nzọụkwụ-aga
DPC na-emeghachi omume na BPA iji mepụta oligomers polycarbonate ebe ọ na-ewepụta phenol dị ka ihe na-esote.
3. Mmụba na ibu molekul (polycondensation)
Site n'ịbawanye okpomọkụ na ibelata nrụgide (vacuum), a na-ewepụta phenol ka e wee mee ka mmeghachi omume ahụ pụta ìhè na polima nwere ibu molekul dị elu.
4. Mwepụ na ịkpụcha ihe
A na-agbaze polima ahụ ma mepụta pellets. Pellets ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe eji emepụta ngwaahịa, gụnyere lensị anya.
Uru nke usoro ịgbaze bụ izere phosgene na mbelata ịdabere na ihe mgbaze, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka chọrọ njikwa siri ike iji nọgide na-enwe agba (odo odo), idoanya, na nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ.
4. Site na Resin ruo na Ngwaahịa: Nhazi Lens Polycarbonate
Ozugbo e tinyere resin polycarbonate pellet, ihe ọzọ a ga-eme bụ ịkpụzi ya ka ọ bụrụ lenzi. Ọdịmma elu na nghọta ya dị oke mkpa maka ojiji anya, nke chọrọ njikwa usoro siri ike karịa maka ngwaahịa PC nkịtị.
A. Ịkpọ nkụ dị ka ogbo dị oke mkpa
Polycarbonate bụ hygroscopic, nke pụtara na ọ na-amịkọrọ mmiri site na ikuku. Ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi akpọnwụghị, mmiri nwere ike ibute hydrolysis n'oge nhazi okpomọkụ, na-ebelata ibu molekul ma mee ka ngwaahịa ahụ bụrụ ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ gbajie agbawa. Ya mere, a na-akpọkarị mkpụrụ osisi nkụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ tupu a gbanye ha ma ọ bụ kpụọ ha.
B. Ịkpụzi ihe maka anya mmiri
A na-eji usoro ịgba ọgwụ eme ọtụtụ ihe nchekwa ma ọ bụ ihe anya:
1. A na-agbaze pellets n'ime gbọmgbọm nke igwe ntụtụ.
2. A na-agbaze agbaze ahụ n'ime ebu nwere elu anya mara mma nke ukwuu.
3. A na-eme ka oyi dị jụụ n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa iji belata nrụgide fọdụrụnụ nke nwere ike ịkpalite mgbanwe anya ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma.
C. Usoro Mmecha na Mkpuchi
Ebe ọ bụ na PC dị mfe ịcha, a na-enyekarị ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka anya PC:
– Mkpuchi siri ike (mgbochi ọkọ): na-eme ka iguzogide nkụchi dịkwuo elu.
– Mkpuchi mgbochi UV: na-egbochi mmebi ma na-ebelata odo odo.
– Mkpuchi mgbochi-mgbapụta (AR): maka anya enyo anya, na-ebelata ntụgharị uche ma na-eme ka anya doo anya nke ọma.
– Mgbochi igirigi: maka ihe mkpuchi ma ọ bụ ugogbe anya nchebe, na-enyere aka igbochi igirigi.
N'imepụta lenzi anya, a na-emekarị ịkpụ, ịchacha ọnụ (ihe e ji ekpuchi ihu), na njikwa mma anya dịka ịlele maka mgbagọ, birefringence, na izi ezi nke ọkpụrụkpụ.
5. Gịnị mere Polycarbonate ji bụrụ ihe a ma ama maka anya anya?
E nwere ọtụtụ ihe mere e ji achọ polycarbonate n'ime lenses:
1. Nchekwa (mgbochi mmetụta)
Ọ na-esiri ike nke ukwuu ịgbaji PC ka ọ dị nkọ. Nke a dị mkpa maka ugogbe anya nchekwa, ugogbe anya egwuregwu, na ihe mkpuchi anya.
2. Ìhè
Ike PC dị ala karịa iko. Anya na-adịkwu mma iyi, ọkachasị maka ụfọdụ ọgwụ (ma ewezuga/gbakwunye) nke chọrọ ọkpụrụkpụ karịa.
3. Na-apụta ìhè ma nwee ike ịkpụzi ya nke ọma
Site na ebu dị elu na njikwa usoro dị mma, PC nwere ike ịmepụta elu anya dị nro.
4. Nchedo UV
Ọtụtụ lenzi polycarbonate nwere ikike nzacha UV ka mma karịa ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na nchekwa kachasị elu ka na-adaberekarị na mkpuchi ndị ọzọ.
6. Ngwa nke Polycarbonate n'ụwa nke anya anya
Lee ụfọdụ n'ime ngwa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe:
- Anya anya
Ọ dị mma maka ụmụaka na ihe omume ndị nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu n'ihi na ọ naghị eguzogide mmetụta ya. Site na mkpuchi kwesịrị ekwesị, nkasi obi anya nwere ike ịdị mma nke ukwuu.
– Ugogbe nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ
A na-eji polycarbonate eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ nyocha, ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu, ọ na-enyere aka ichebe anya pụọ na ihe mkpofu, uzuzu, na mmetụta.
- Ihe mkpuchi ihu na ihe mkpuchi okpu agha
Nchikota nke idoanya na ike siri ike na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ kachasị mma maka nchekwa ihu.
- Nchedo anya ngwa ngwa
Ọtụtụ ngwa nha, panel ihe ngosi, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ihe mmetụta na-eji PC n'ihi na o doro anya ma sie ike.
– Anya na ngwaọrụ ụfọdụ
N'ụfọdụ ngwaahịa, a na-eji polycarbonate eme ihe dị ka ihe nchebe (mkpuchi anya) ma ọ bụ akụkụ anya na-abụghị nke dị oke mkpa nke chọrọ nguzogide igwe.
7. Ihe ịma aka na mgbalị iji melite arụmọrụ
N'agbanyeghị uru ya, polycarbonate na-echekwa ihe ịma aka ihu na ngwa anya:
– Akpụkpọ anụ: a na-edozi ya site na mkpuchi siri ike.
– Mgbochi kemịkalụ: ụfọdụ mmiri nhicha siri ike nwere ike imebi elu ahụ, yabụ a ga-agbanwerịrị ihe nhicha ahụ.
– Mmiri na-acha odo odo n'ihi UV/okpomọkụ: ejiri ihe na-eme ka ihe sie ike na mkpuchi gwọọ ya.
– Nrụgide na ihe fọdụrụ: chọrọ ezigbo nhazi ebu na paramita usoro kwụsiri ike.
Ndị nrụpụta na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta akara pụrụ iche nke PC optical, ihe mgbakwunye mgbochi UV, na teknụzụ mkpuchi iji melite mma anya, ogologo oge, na ndụ.
Mmechi
Polycarbonate bụ plastik injinia a na-eji eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ojiji lensị anya n'ihi nghọta ya, ibu ya dị mfe, na karịsịa iguzogide mmetụta. N'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a na-emepụta PC site na ụzọ phosgenation (interfacial polymerization) ma ọ bụ usoro mgbaze transesterification site na iji diphenyl carbonate. Ozugbo e tinyere resin, a na-emepụta polycarbonate ka ọ bụrụ lensị site na ịkpụzi injection ma ọ bụ usoro nhazi ndị ọzọ n'okpuru njikwa siri ike nke iru mmiri, okpomọkụ, nrụgide, na ịdị mma elu. Iji hụ na ọ dabara adaba maka ojiji kwa ụbọchị, a na-ekpuchi lensị PC ihe mkpuchi na-eguzogide ọkọ, na-eguzogide UV, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-egbochi ntụgharị ma ọ bụ mgbochi ikuku. Site na njikọta ziri ezi nke ihe na usoro, polycarbonate bụ nhọrọ kachasị maka lensị ebe nchekwa na arụmọrụ dị oke mkpa.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịhazi akụkọ a ka o kwekọọ na mkpa gị kpọmkwem (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ilekwasị anya na usoro ụlọ ọrụ zuru ezu karị, ụkpụrụ ịdị mma lenzi, ma ọ bụ ịtụnyere PC megide CR-39 megide Trivex).
