Otu esi eme plastik Polyvinyl Chloride na ojiji ya n'ọrụ owuwu ụlọ
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bụ otu n'ime plastik ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụwa, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara owuwu ụlọ. E nwere ezigbo ntọala maka ewu ewu ya: PVC dị ọnụ ala, siri ike, na-eguzogide nchara, ọ dị mfe nhazi, a pụkwara "ịgbanwe" ya n'ihe ndị o nwere - site na siri ike ruo na mgbanwe - site na mgbakwunye nke ihe mgbakwunye. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ owuwu ụlọ, a na-ahụ PVC na paịpụ, panel, fremu, mkpuchi eriri, ala vinyl, akpụkpọ ụlọ elu, na ọbụna profaịlụ ime ụlọ. Iji ghọta ihe mere PVC ji dị iche iche, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta otu esi eme ya na otu esi akpụ ihe ndị o nwere site na usoro na nhazi.
Gịnị bụ PVC?
PVC bụ polima thermoplastic nke e ji otu vinyl chloride na-emegharị ugboro ugboro mee. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ plastik ndị ọzọ sitere na mmanụ ala, PVC nwere chlorine, nke a na-enwetakarị site na nnu (NaCl) site na usoro electrolysis. Ihe mejupụtara a na-enye PVC ezigbo iguzogide kemịkalụ na omume ọkụ dị iche na ụfọdụ polima hydrocarbon dị ọcha, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka chọrọ nchekwa siri ike na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi.
N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa PVC n'ime nnukwu ìgwè abụọ:
1. PVC siri ike (uPVC / PVC siri ike): siri ike, kwụsiri ike n'akụkụ, a na-ahụkarị maka paịpụ, profaịlụ windo, gutters.
2. PVC na-agbanwe agbanwe (PVC e ji plastik mee): ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe karịa n'ihi na a na-agbakwunye ihe ndị na-eme ka plastik dị nro, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka eriri, paịpụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, ala vinyl.
Isi ihe eji eme PVC
Mmepụta PVC dị ka ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe anaghị amalite ozugbo site na "vinyl chloride" na-enweghị usoro, kama ọ na-amalite site na usoro sitere na ihe ndị bụ isi:
1. Nnu (NaCl) → iji nweta chlorine (Cl₂) site na electrolysis nke ngwọta nnu (usoro chlor-alkali).
2. Ethylene (C₂H₄) → na-esikarị naphtha gbawara agbawa ma ọ bụ ethane (ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical).
3. Oxygen/ikuku → eji eme ihe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ e si emepụta ihe.
4. A chọrọ ihe na-akpali akpali → n'oge a na-emepụta ihe ndị dị n'etiti.
5. Ihe mgbakwunye nhazi → ihe na-eme ka okpomọkụ sie ike, mmanụ, ihe na-ejupụta ihe, agba, ihe ndị na-agbanwe mmetụta, na ihe ndị na-eme ka plastik dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.
Ọkwa izugbe nke nrụpụta PVC (nkọwa ụlọ ọrụ)
Biko mara: nkọwa a bụ nkọwa echiche nke usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọ bụghị ntuziaka bara uru maka ojiji ụlọ. Mmepụta na ime ka vinyl chloride dị na polymerization gụnyere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma chọọ ụlọ ọrụ siri ike, njikwa mwepụta, na ụkpụrụ nchekwa.
1) Mmepụta nke chlorine na caustic soda (usoro chlor-alkali)
A na-emepụta mmiri nnu (brine) site na electrolyze iji mepụta:
- Chlorine (Cl₂) na anode
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) na hydrogen (H₂) na kathode
A na-eji chlorine a emepụta ihe ndị dị n'etiti nke na-eduga na vinyl chloride.
2) Mmepụta EDC (ethylene dichloride / 1,2-dichloroethane)
EDC bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ụzọ e si abanye na vinyl chloride. E nwere ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa a na-ejikọtakarị:
– Mbelata klorin ozugbo: ethylene + klorine → EDC
– Ngụkọta oxychlorine: ethylene + HCl + O₂ → EDC + H₂O (iji ihe na-akpali akpali)
Njikọta nke ụzọ abụọ a na-enyere aka iji HCl nke sitere na ngwaahịa ahụ mee ihe ma mee ka usoro chlorine dịkwuo mma.
3) Ịgbawa EDC n'ime VCM (vinyl chloride monomer)
A na-ekpo ọkụ EDC (mgbawa okpomọkụ) ka o wee gbawaa n'ime:
- VCM (vinyl chloride monomer)
– HCl (nke enwere ike weghachite na ọkwa oxychlorination)
VCM bụ isi monomer nke a ga-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ PVC.
4) Mmezi nke VCM ka ọ bụrụ PVC
A na-eji ihe mmalite (dịka ihe mejupụtara peroxide) eme polymerization nke vinyl chloride n'ime reactor nwere nrụgide n'okpuru njikwa okpomọkụ siri ike. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ polymerization, nke ọ bụla na-emepụta njirimara resin dị iche iche:
– Polymerization nke nkwụsịtụ: nke a na-ahụkarị maka ngwaahịa siri ike dịka paịpụ na profaịlụ; na-emepụta resin granules dị mfe nhazi.
– Mmepụta emulsion: na-emepụta obere ihe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ihe mkpuchi PVC, ihe mkpuchi, na ụfọdụ ngwa.
- Polymerization buru ibu: na-enweghị mgbasa ozi mmiri; ejiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa pụrụ iche.
Mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gasịrị, a na-ekewapụ resin PVC, saa ya, kpọọ ya nkụ, ma chekwaa ya dị ka ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ granules (resin PVC). Resin a adịbeghị njikere maka mmepụta - ọ ka dị mkpa iji ihe mgbakwunye mepụta ya ma hazie ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ikpeazụ ya.
Nhazi: gịnị mere PVC ji sie ike ma ọ bụ gbanwee?
Isi uru nke PVC dị na "uzommeputa" nke ihe mejupụtara ya. A na-agwakọta resin PVC na ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye iji nweta ihe onwunwe achọrọ:
1. Ihe na-eme ka okpomọkụ sie ike
PVC na-enwe mmetụta maka okpomọkụ n'oge nhazi; ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe sie ike na-egbochi mmebi (dịka mgbanwe agba na mbelata ihe onwunwe igwe). Ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-agbanwewanye gaa na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe sie ike na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ihe ndị ochie.
2. Mmanụ mmanụ
Na-enyere aka na-agbapụta ihe n'oge a na-etinye ya/na-agba ya ọgwụ ma na-ebelata ịrapara n'ime igwe ahụ.
3. Ihe na-agbanwe mmetụta
Na-eme ka ike sie ike (mgbochi mmetụta), dị mkpa maka profaịlụ windo, panel, ma ọ bụ paịpụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.
4. Ihe na-emeju ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ calcium carbonate)
Ọ na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ma nwee ike ime ka ụfọdụ ike/nkwụsi ike dịkwuo elu, mana a ghaghị ịhazi ya ka ọ ghara ibelata arụmọrụ.
5. Ihe e ji plasticizer eme
Isi ihe dị mkpa iji mee ka PVC dị nro. A na-eji ya na waya, ala vinyl, membranes, na paịpụ.
6. Agba na ihe mgbakwunye UV
Na-agbakwụnye agba na iguzogide ihu igwe maka ngwa ndị dị n'èzí.
Usoro nhazi ngwaahịa PVC maka owuwu
Ozugbo e mechara ihe mejupụtara ya, a na-eji usoro mmepụta plastik nkịtị emepụta PVC:
– Mkpọpụta: maka paịpụ, profaịlụ fremu, gutters, siding, na mpempe akwụkwọ. A na-agbaze ihe ahụ ma tinye ya site na ihe e ji kpụọ ya iji mepụta profaịlụ na-aga n'ihu.
– Ntụtụ (ịkpụzi ihe ntụtụ): maka ihe ndị e ji etinye paịpụ, njikọ, ihe ndị e ji etinye ihe.
– Kalenda: maka mpempe akwụkwọ/ala na akpụkpọ ahụ vinyl.
– Ịkpụzi ihe: maka ụfọdụ ihe ndị nwere oghere (anaghị adịkarị na ngwa owuwu karịa extrusion).
Ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri nlezianya chịkwaa oyi na njikwa mma (nha, ọkpụrụkpụ, ike) hụ na ngwaahịa ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emezu ụkpụrụ.
Ojiji nke PVC n'ihe gbasara ụlọ
Ihe ndị a bụ ojiji PVC kachasị na ngalaba ihe owuwu yana ihe kpatara teknụzụ ha:
1) Paịpụ na ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ (mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri draịva, ihe mkpofu)
PVC siri ike (uPVC) bụ ihe a ma ama maka ọkpọkọ n'ihi na:
- na-eguzogide nchara (anaghị agba nchara dịka ígwè),
- elu dị nro (na-ebelata mfu nrụgide na crusting),
- dị mfe ma dị mfe ịwụnye,
- ọnụ ahịa dịtụ ala,
- dị iche iche dị iche iche nke nrụgide na dayameta.
Maka mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ mkpa ụfọdụ, a na-ahọrọ ihe ndị ọzọ dịka CPVC ma ọ bụ PPR mgbe ụfọdụ, mana maka ọtụtụ netwọk mmiri oyi na mmiri mmiri, PVC ka bụ isi.
2) Ọwa eletriki na ihe nchebe eriri
A na-eji PVC (ma siri ike ma na-agbanwe agbanwe) eme ihe dị ka:
- ọkpọkọ nrụnye eletriki agbakwunyere ma ọ bụ elu,
– mkpuchi eriri na mkpuchi mpụta.
Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere ezigbo ihe mkpuchi eletriki, iguzogide mmiri, na ịdị mfe ịkpụzi.
3) Profaịlụ ọnụ ụzọ na windo (uPVC)
A na-ejikarị uPVC eme ihe maka windo n'ihi na:
- kwụsiri ike, ọ naghị adị mfe iguzogide,
- obere mmezi (ọ dịghị mkpa maka eserese mgbe niile),
- arụmọrụ okpomọkụ na acoustic dị mma mgbe ejikọtara ya na imewe oghere na nke mechiri emechi,
- iguzogide ihu igwe na ahịhịa.
4) Ala vinyl (ala PVC)
Ala ụlọ dabere na PVC na-ewu ewu n'ụlọ azụmaahịa na ụlọ n'ihi na:
- na-eguzogide abrasion ma dị mfe ihicha,
- ụdị ihe osise dị iche iche dị (osisi, nkume, ụkpụrụ),
- enwere ike ịhazi ya ka ọ ghara ịmịpụ,
– ihe mgbochi ụda ka mma karịa seramiiki n'ụfọdụ sistemụ.
5) Akpụkpọ ụlọ na ihe mgbochi mmiri
A na-eji PVC na-agbanwe agbanwe (nke a na-ejikarị eriri eme ka ọ sie ike) eme ihe dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ:
- na-eguzogide ihu igwe,
- enwere ike ịgbado ọkụ na nkwonkwo,
– dabara adaba maka ụlọ dị larịị na ụfọdụ sistemụ mmiri mmiri.
6) Mgbidi mgbidi, ụlọ elu na ihe mkpuchi
A na-ahọrọ panel PVC maka ebe mmiri dị mmiri mmiri (dịka ụlọ ịsa ahụ, kichin, ụlọ ọrụ) n'ihi na ha dị mfe ihicha ma ghara iguzogide mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na nhọrọ nke ịdị mma na ụzọ nrụnye na-ekpebi ogologo oge.
Nchekwa na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi
PVC dị mma maka ojiji n'ọtụtụ ngwa owuwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ruru ụkpụrụ ma arụnyere ya nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, enwere ihe dị mkpa ịtụle:
– A ghaghị ịchịkwa mmepụta na nhazi nke monomers VCM nke ọma n'ihi na ha dị ize ndụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-etinye oke residue monomer na njikwa emission.
– Ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nwere ike ịkpata gas dị ize ndụ. Ya mere, njikwa ọkụ ụlọ na nhọrọ ihe ga-agbaso iwu mpaghara.
– Imegharị ihe: Enwere ike iji igwe megharịa PVC n'ọtụtụ ebe mkpofu, ọkachasị site na ihe mkpofu mmepụta ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu profaịlụ/paịpụ, mana ọ chọrọ nhazi na njikwa ihe ruru unyi.
Penutup
PVC bụ ihe dị mkpa n'iwu ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ihi njikọta ya nke ọnụ ahịa ya, ịdị mfe nke imepụta ya, iguzogide nchara, na mgbanwe nke ihe onwunwe site na mgbakwunye. N'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a na-emepụta PVC site na usoro usoro site na nnu na ethylene iji mepụta VCM, nke a na-emezi ka ọ bụrụ resin PVC nke a na-emepụta ma kpụzie ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa dịka paịpụ, ọkpọkọ, okpokolo uPVC, ala vinyl, na akpụkpọ ahụ mmiri na-adịghị amị amị. Site na nhọrọ ziri ezi nke ụdị PVC (siri ike ma ọ bụ mgbanwe), usoro kwesịrị ekwesị, na ntinye ọkọlọtọ, PVC nwere ike inye arụmọrụ ogologo oge n'ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịgbanwe edemede a ka ọ dabara na ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ/kọleji (dịka ọmụmaatụ itinye eserese usoro, akwụkwọ ndekọ, ma ọ bụ ihe atụ nke ọkọlọtọ dị mkpa dịka SNI/ISO).
