Nkuzi Fizik Isi

Ọ bụrụ na anyị elepụ anya nke ọma, a ga-ahụ anwụrụ ọkụ si n'ọkụ ahụ na mbụ. Mgbe obere oge gasịrị, a gaghị ahụ anwụrụ ọkụ. Ị jirila ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ? Ọ bụ ezie na ị na-efesa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ndị ọzọ nọ n'èzí ụlọ nwekwara ike ịnụ ísì ísì ụtọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na nne esi nri dị ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ n'ime kichin, a pụkwara ịnụ ísì nri site n'ụlọ onye agbata obi. Gịnị mere o ji dị otú ahụ?

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ị tinye obere ntụpọ ink n'ime iko nwere mmiri doro anya, ink, ma ọ bụ agba nri ga-agbasa nke ọma n'ime mmiri ahụ. Nke a na-eme na akpaghị aka. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ ndị gara aga bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi nke a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbasa ozi bụ usoro nke ibugharị ihe site na nnukwu mkpokọta gaa na obere mkpokọta. Ihe a na-ekwu maka ntinye ozi bụ ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul/molekul nke ihe kwa olu. Ebe ntinye ozi dị elu bụ ebe enwere ọtụtụ molekul nke ihe kwa olu. N'aka nke ọzọ, obere mkpokọta bụ ebe enwere obere molekul nke ihe kwa olu.

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Ike dị na gas kacha mma nke monatomic

Ike dị na gas kacha mma nke monatomic bụ mkpokọta ike kinetic nke molekul gas kacha mma nke monatomic. Oke mkpokọta ike kinetic nke molekul gas kacha mma = ngwaahịa nke ike kinetic nke molekul ọ bụla na ọnụọgụgụ molekul (N). N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:

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Odeakwụkwọ Maxwell ji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nweta usoro nhazi ike. A na-akpọ ya usoro n'ihi na enweghị ihe akaebe site na nnwale. Nkewa ike pụtara nkesa nhata nke ike.

KE = ike ntụgharị nke molekul gas (Joule)

k = Ọnụọgụ Boltzmann na-agbanwe agbanwe = 1.38 x 10^-23 J/K

T = okpomọkụ zuru oke nke molekul gas zuru oke (Kelvin)

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Na mgbakwunye na nrụgide, otu n'ime ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-egosi ọdịdị macroscopic nke gas bụ okpomọkụ (T). Usoro nrụgide gas:

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Ndị kinetic theory states that every substance consists of atoms or molecules and that the atom or molecule moves continuously carelessly. This assumption of kinetic theory matches the situation and condition of the atom or molecule of the gas constituent. The force of attraction between the atoms or molecules making up the gas is feeble so that atoms or molecules can move freely.

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Article Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law

Iwu Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) conducted experiments to investigate the quantitative relationship between gas pressure and volume. This experiment is carried out by inserting a certain amount of gas into a closed container. Until a pretty good approach, he found that if the gas temperature was kept constant, then when the gas pressure increased, the gas volume was reduced. Likewise, when the gas pressure decreases, the gas volume increases. Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. This relationship is known as Boyle’s Law. Mathematically:

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Iwu gas nke Boyle, iwu Charles na Gay-Lussac anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ gas niile, yabụ nyocha anyị na-esikwu ike. Ya mere, anyị gosipụtara ụdị gas kacha mma. Gas kacha mma adịghị adị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị; gas kacha mma bụ ụdị zuru oke iji mee ka nyocha dị mfe. Ịdị adị nke echiche gas zuru oke a na-enyekwara anyị aka n'ịtụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iwu atọ nke gas.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas

Site n'izo aka na iwu gas atọ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike inweta mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas.

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The specific statements of the second law of thermodynamics can’t describe for all irreversible processes, so we need a general statement. This general statement is expected to explain all irreversible processes occurring in the universe. The general statement of the second law of thermodynamics was formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, through a quantity called entropy (S). Entropy was first introduced by Clausius and was formulated from the Carnot cycle (perfect caloric engine). According to Clausius, entropy changes are experienced by a system, when the system gets additional heat (Q) at a constant temperature, which is represented by the equation:

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Article about Coefficient of performance of the cooling machine

A cooling machine is a machine that takes heat from a low-temperature place, then transfers it to a high-temperature area. For this process to happen, the machine must do the work because the heat naturally flows from high temperature to low temperature. This is by Clausius’s statement:

It is impossible for a cooling machine to transfer heat from a low-temperature place to a high-temperature place, without work (Second law of thermodynamics—Clausius statement).

The machine works (W) to transfer heat, from low temperature (Q_L) to high temperature (Q_H). Based on conservation of energy, Q_L + W = Q_H.

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Iji chọpụta otu esi eme ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo elu okpomoku injin, otu ọkà mmụta sayensị French aha ya bụ Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) lere anya n'otu igwe kalori zuru oke na 1824. N'oge ahụ, e mebeghị iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics, ọ bụghịkwa iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. E mebeghị iwu mbụ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị na okpomọkụ bụ ike. Mgbe Joule na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mere nnwale na 1830s, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na okpomọkụ bụ ike na-agagharị n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ya mere, e mepụtara iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics mgbe 1830 gasịrị. Sadi Carnot anọwo na-enyocha injin kalori zuru oke na 1824. Nnyocha ya bụ n'ezie ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke injin steam. Ọtụtụ injin steam nke oge ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

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