Nkuzi Fizik Isi

Ọ bụrụ na anyị elepụ anya nke ọma, a ga-ahụ anwụrụ ọkụ si n'ọkụ ahụ na mbụ. Mgbe obere oge gasịrị, a gaghị ahụ anwụrụ ọkụ. Ị jirila ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ? Ọ bụ ezie na ị na-efesa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ndị ọzọ nọ n'èzí ụlọ nwekwara ike ịnụ ísì ísì ụtọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na nne esi nri dị ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ n'ime kichin, a pụkwara ịnụ ísì nri site n'ụlọ onye agbata obi. Gịnị mere o ji dị otú ahụ?

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ị tinye obere ntụpọ ink n'ime iko nwere mmiri doro anya, ink, ma ọ bụ agba nri ga-agbasa nke ọma n'ime mmiri ahụ. Nke a na-eme na akpaghị aka. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ ndị gara aga bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi nke a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbasa ozi bụ usoro nke ibugharị ihe site na nnukwu mkpokọta gaa na obere mkpokọta. Ihe a na-ekwu maka ntinye ozi bụ ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul/molekul nke ihe kwa olu. Ebe ntinye ozi dị elu bụ ebe enwere ọtụtụ molekul nke ihe kwa olu. N'aka nke ọzọ, obere mkpokọta bụ ebe enwere obere molekul nke ihe kwa olu.

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Ike dị na gas kacha mma nke monatomic

Ike dị na gas kacha mma nke monatomic bụ mkpokọta ike kinetic nke molekul gas kacha mma nke monatomic. Oke mkpokọta ike kinetic nke molekul gas kacha mma = ngwaahịa nke ike kinetic nke molekul ọ bụla na ọnụọgụgụ molekul (N). N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:

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Odeakwụkwọ Maxwell ji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nweta usoro nhazi ike. A na-akpọ ya usoro n'ihi na enweghị ihe akaebe site na nnwale. Nkewa ike pụtara nkesa nhata nke ike.

KE = ike ntụgharị nke molekul gas (Joule)

k = Ngbanwe Boltzmann = 1.38 x 10 ^-23 J/K

T = okpomọkụ zuru oke nke molekul gas zuru oke (Kelvin)

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Na mgbakwunye na nrụgide, otu n'ime ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-egosi ọdịdị macroscopic nke gas bụ okpomọkụ (T). Usoro nrụgide gas:

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Ozizi kinetic na-ekwu na ihe ọ bụla nwere atọm ma ọ bụ molekul, nakwa na atọm ma ọ bụ molekul na-agagharị n'enweghị nchebara echiche mgbe niile. Echiche a nke ozizi kinetic na-adaba n'ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ nke atọm ma ọ bụ molekul nke ihe mejupụtara gas. Ike nke mmasị n'etiti atọm ma ọ bụ molekul mejupụtara gas ahụ adịghị ike nke na atọm ma ọ bụ molekul nwere ike ịkwaga n'enweghị nsogbu.

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Isiokwu Iwu Boyle, Iwu Charles, Iwu Gay-Lussac

Iwu Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) mere nnwale iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nrụgide gas na olu. A na-eme nnwale a site n'itinye obere gas n'ime akpa mechiri emechi. Ruo mgbe ọ dị mma nke ukwuu, ọ chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na a na-eme ka okpomọkụ gas ahụ dịgide, mgbe nrụgide gas mụbara, olu gas ahụ na-ebelata. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe nrụgide gas belatara, olu gas na-abawanye. Nrụgide gas na-agbanwe agbanwe na olu gas. A maara mmekọrịta a dị ka Iwu Boyle. N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:

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Iwu gas nke Boyle, iwu Charles na Gay-Lussac anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ gas niile, yabụ nyocha anyị na-esikwu ike. Ya mere, anyị gosipụtara ụdị gas kacha mma. Gas kacha mma adịghị adị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị; gas kacha mma bụ ụdị zuru oke iji mee ka nyocha dị mfe. Ịdị adị nke echiche gas zuru oke a na-enyekwara anyị aka n'ịtụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iwu atọ nke gas.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas

Site n'izo aka na iwu gas atọ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike inweta mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu, na nrụgide gas.

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Nkwupụta kpọmkwem nke iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics enweghị ike ịkọwa maka usoro niile a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, yabụ anyị chọrọ nkwupụta izugbe. A na-atụ anya na nkwupụta izugbe a ga-akọwa usoro niile a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na-eme n'eluigwe na ala. E mepụtara nkwupụta izugbe nke iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, site na ọnụọgụ a na-akpọ entropy (S). Clausius bu ụzọ webata Entropy ma mepụta ya site na okirikiri Carnot (injin kalori zuru oke). Dịka Clausius si kwuo, usoro na-enweta mgbanwe entropy, mgbe sistemụ ahụ nwetara okpomọkụ ọzọ (Q) na okpomọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nha anya ya na-anọchite anya:

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Isiokwu gbasara ọnụọgụ arụmọrụ nke igwe oyi

Igwe oyi bụ igwe nke na-ebuga okpomọkụ site n'ebe dị ala, wee bufee ya na mpaghara dị elu. Ka usoro a wee mee, igwe ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ ahụ n'ihi na okpomọkụ na-esi n'okpomọkụ dị elu na-asọpụta site na obere okpomọkụ. Nke a bụ site na okwu Clausius:

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka igwe oyi bufee okpomọkụ site n'ebe dị ala gaa n'ebe dị oke okpomọkụ, na-enweghị ọrụ (Iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics - nkwupụta Clausius).

Igwe a na-arụ ọrụ (W) iji bufee okpomọkụ, site na obere okpomọkụ (Q L ₎ gaa na oke okpomọkụ (Q _H ). Dabere na nchekwa ike, Q _L + W = Q _H.

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Iji chọpụta otu esi eme ka injin okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma , otu ọkà mmụta sayensị France aha ya bụ Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) lere anya na igwe kalori zuru oke na 1824. N'oge ahụ, e mebeghị iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics, ọ bụghịkwa iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. E mebeghị iwu mbụ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị na okpomọkụ bụ ike. Mgbe Joule na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mere nnwale na 1830s, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na okpomọkụ bụ ike na-agagharị n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ya mere, e mepụtara iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics mgbe 1830 gasịrị. Sadi Carnot anọwo na-enyocha injin kalori zuru oke na 1824. Nnyocha ya bụ n'ezie ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke injin steam. Ọtụtụ injin steam nke oge ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

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