Teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ na nhazi ígwè maka iguzogide nrụrụ
Ncha ka bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọdịda nke akụkụ ígwè n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dị iche iche - site na ụgbọ ala na mmiri ruo na owuwu na ngwa eletrọniki. Mfu akụ na ụba site na nchara gafere ọnụ ahịa nnọchi ihe ruo oge mmepụta, ihe egwu nchekwa, na mbelata arụmọrụ ngwaahịa. Ya mere, mkpuchi ígwè (elektroplating na mgbanwe ya) na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe dị ka ụzọ dị mkpa maka ịkwalite iguzogide nchara ebe ọ na-eme ka mma elu dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka njikwa dịkwuo elu, ma ọ bụ na-emeziwanye ihe onwunwe tribological (nguzogide iyi). N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ọhụrụ mkpuchi agbanweela gaa na usoro ndị na-anabata gburugburu ebe obibi na nke na-arụ ọrụ ike, ma na-emepụta mkpuchi arụmọrụ ka mma. Isiokwu a na-enyocha teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ na mkpuchi ígwè maka iguzogide nchara, usoro ụlọ ọrụ, na ihe atụ ngwa.
1. Gbanwee site na mkpuchi "achọ mma" gaa na mkpuchi arụmọrụ dị elu
N'oge gara aga, a na-aghọtakarị mkpuchi dị ka usoro maka ọdịdị na-egbuke egbuke - dịka ọmụmaatụ, nickel-chrome na ngwa. Taa, a na-elekwasị anya na mkpuchi dị irè: mkpuchi ga-enwerịrị ike iguzogide gburugburu ebe siri ike dịka ntụ nnu, oke iru mmiri, kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọbụna ọnọdụ mmiri. N'ihi ihe ndị a chọrọ, teknụzụ mkpuchi nke oge a na-emesi ike ijikwa obere nhazi nke mkpuchi ahụ, porosity, nrụgide dị n'ime, na njikọta. Mkpuchi ndị dị mma mana ha nwere oghere ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ike ịgbawa na-eme ka nchara galvanic nke ihe mejupụtara ahụ dịkwuo ngwa ngwa. Ya mere, ihe ọhụrụ na-elekwasị anya na mkpuchi ndị dị arọ, nke ka mma, na nke siri ike na kemịkal.
2. Ọsọ ọsọ na Pulse Electroplating: mkpuchi dị nkọ, nke yiri nke ọma
Otu ihe ọhụrụ a nabatara nke ọma bụ pulse electroplating. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere direct current nkịtị, pulsed current na-enye oge "on-off" nke na-eme ka mgbasa ion dị nso n'elu ma na-ebelata mmepụta nke dendrites ma ọ bụ kristal siri ike. N'ihi ya, mkpuchi ahụ na-emekarị:
- dị nro ma sie ike,
- obere porosity;
- njikọta dị mma,
- nkesa ọkpụrụkpụ ka mma na geometry dị mgbagwoju anya.
N'ọrụ ndị na-anaghị emebi emebi, obere porosity dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na pores na-enye ụzọ maka ịbanye electrolyte. Mkpuchi pulse na-enyekwa ohere itinye na njupụta ọkụ eletrik dị elu na-enweghị nnukwu ntụpọ, si otú a na-eme ka mmepụta dịkwuo elu. Mgbanwe ọzọ, mkpuchi pulse-reverse, na-agbanwe ọkụ eletrik n'oge ụfọdụ iji mee ka elu ahụ dị larịị ma belata nrụgide dị n'ime.
3. Trivalent Chromium Plating: ihe ọzọ na-adịghị ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa Cr(VI)
E jirila ihe mkpuchi chrome nke hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) mee ihe n'oge gara aga, mana nchegbu ahụike na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka a gbanwee gaa na trivalent chromium (Cr(III)). Teknụzụ Cr(III) nke oge a emeela nke ọma—na-enye ọdịdị dị ka chrome nkịtị ma na-eme ka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ka mma.
Site n'echiche nke ire ere, a na-ejikọkarị Cr(III) na ihe mkpuchi isi dịka sistemu nickel ma ọ bụ multilayer iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu na nnwale nnu igọọ. Usoro a na-enwekarị arụmọrụ ka mma ma nwee obere ihe egwu nke imepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ. Ihe ịma aka bụ njikwa agba na ịdị n'otu ọdịdị, mana usoro kemịkalụ ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-emeziwanye akụkụ ndị a.
4. Zinc-Nickel na Zinc-Iron Alloy Plating: ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ nke nchekwa cathodic
Maka ihe ndị e ji ígwè mee, ihe mkpuchi zinc a ma ama na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchebe katodic (zinc na-ebu ụzọ "na-achụ onwe ya n'àjà"). Agbanyeghị, mkpa ọ dị maka iguzogide nchara dị elu - karịsịa na ngwa ụgbọ ala na ihe njide - emeela ka e jiri ihe ndị e ji zinc-nickel (Zn-Ni) na zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) mee ihe.
Uru nke Zn-Ni nke oge a:
- iguzogide nnu dị elu karịa zinc dị ọcha,
- kwụsiri ike na okpomọkụ dị elu (dịka ọmụmaatụ nso injin ahụ),
- dakọtara na ihe mkpuchi elu organic na ihe mkpuchi.
Sistemụ mkpuchi na-abụkarị ngwakọta ugbu a: Zn-Ni + hexavalent chromium-free passivation + topcoat. Nke a na-enye ma nchekwa ihe mgbochi na nchekwa cathodic, na-eme ka ndụ ihe mejupụtara dịkwuo elu, ọkachasị n'okporo ụzọ nwere nnu na-ebelata icing ma ọ bụ oke iru mmiri.
5. Ọgbọ Ọhụrụ Passivation na Sealers: mee ka mkpuchi ahụ sie ike n'etinyeghị ọkpụrụkpụ dị ukwuu.
Na mgbakwunye na mkpuchi ígwè mbụ, nnukwu ọganihu emeela na ọkwa post-plating: passivation, conversion coating, na sealer/topcoat. Usoro kachasị ọhụrụ (nke dabere na Cr(III), silane, zirconium, ma ọ bụ polima pụrụ iche) ka e mere iji:
- na-emechi obere oghere,
- na-eme ka iguzogide "nchara ọcha" dị na zinc dịkwuo elu,
- na-eme ka iguzogide kemịkalụ dịkwuo elu,
- melite njikọta agba ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.
Teknụzụ ihe mkpuchi organic dị gịrịgịrị na-ewu ewu n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka iguzogide nchara dịkwuo elu n'enweghị mmụba nke ọkpụrụkpụ ígwè. Nke a dị mkpa maka ihe ndị dị na ya nke nwere oke nguzogide.
6. Electroless Plating (EN/ENP): nchedo otu nha na ọdịdị mgbagwoju anya
Nickel enweghị Electro (EN)—karịsịa ENP (Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus)—bụ nhọrọ ka mma maka iguzogide nchara na geometry dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ntinye ya anaghị adabere na nkesa ọkụ eletrik. Mkpuchi EN na-adịkarị otu n'ime oghere, oghere, na nkuku siri ike nke siri ike ịchacha nke ọma na electroplating nkịtị.
Mkpuchi ENP nwere ọdịnaya phosphorus pụrụ iche nwere ike inye oke nguzogide nchara, ọkachasị mgbe emechara ya nke ọma site na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ na njikwa usoro siri ike. N'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a na-ejikarị EN eme ihe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ valvụ, ọkpọkọ, ihe ndị e ji akpụ ihe, ihe ndị e ji akpụ ihe, na ihe ndị na-abata na mmiri mmiri usoro.
7. Mkpuchi Ngwakọta na Nanocomposite: mkpuchi ígwè "nwere ngwa agha" nwere ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ
Nkà na ụzụ ọzọ na-apụta bụ electroplating composite, nke gụnyere itinye obere/nano particles n'ime matrix metal—dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ni-SiC, Ni-Al₂O₃, ma ọ bụ sistemụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji gbochie iyi, usoro nanocomposite dịkwa mkpa maka ire ere n'ihi na ọ nwere ike:
- melite njupụta oyi akwa,
- mụbaa iguzogide mgbawa,
- belata ụzọ mgbasa nke ihe na-emebi emebi,
- mee ka nkwụsi ike dị n'elu dịkwuo elu n'ime ụfọdụ mgbasa ozi.
Isi ihe ịma aka bụ mgbasa nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ime bat a na-etinye ihe na-etinye ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Taa, iji surfactants pụrụ iche, mkpali a na-achịkwa, na nzacha ka mma na-eme ka ojiji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịkwuo mfe.
8. Nnwale, akpaaka, na njikwa mma nke data na-achịkwa
Teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ abụghị naanị gbasara itinye ihe mkpuchi na kọmputa, kamakwa ọ bụ imepụta usoro dijitalụ. Ọtụtụ ihe eji etinye ihe mkpuchi na kọmputa nke oge a na-anabata:
- ihe mmetụta ntanetị maka pH, conductivity, okpomọkụ, na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ,
- ọgwụ kemịkalụ akpaka,
- nyocha data iji buo amụma mgbanwe nhazi,
- sistemụ nlekota ogbe maka ịdị mma.
Njikwa usoro dị mma dị oke mkpa maka iguzogide nchara, ebe ọ bụ na obere mgbanwe na nhazi ma ọ bụ mmetọ nwere ike ime ka porosity dịkwuo elu, belata njikọta, ma ọ bụ mee ka mkpuchi gbawaa agbawa. Akpaaka na data nwere ike ibelata mgbanwe dị n'etiti ogbe, na-ebute arụmọrụ nchara na nke a na-ahazi nke ọma.
9. Ntuziaka n'ọdịnihu: ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ka dị gịrịgịrị, ka sie ike karịa
N'ọdịnihu, usoro e ji ekpuchi ihe mkpuchi maka iguzogide nchara ga-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ atọ bụ isi. Nke mbụ, nkwado siri ike: mbelata ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, arụmọrụ ike, na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị nchebe. Nke abụọ, arụmọrụ: mkpuchi dị gịrịgịrị mana arụmọrụ ka elu site na mkpuchi ọtụtụ oyi akwa, mkpuchi elu nwere ọgụgụ isi, na njikwa microstructural. Nke atọ, njikọta: ijikọta mkpuchi na mkpuchi organic, ọgwụgwọ oge a, na nyocha mma dabere na sensọ na AI.
N'ọrụ, ịhọrọ teknụzụ kacha mma ka dabere na ihe achọrọ maka ngwa: ụdị substrate, gburugburu ebe ọrụ, ihe ndị a chọrọ mma, oke nnabata nha, na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta. Mana otu ihe doro anya: mkpuchi nke oge a agafeela naanị "mkpuchi" ma gụnye injinia elu ziri ezi. Site na iji mkpuchi pulse, alloys Zn-Ni, Cr(III), EN, na sistemụ passivation na sealer kachasị ọhụrụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ngwa agha dị ike karịa iji lụso onye iro ochie nke nchara ọgụ.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịgbanwe isiokwu ahụ ka ọ dabara na ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ akọwapụtara (ụgbọala, ụgbọ mmiri, ngwa eletrọniki, ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu), ma ọ bụ tinye ngalaba na ọkọlọtọ nnwale (ASTM B117/ISO 9227 nnu spray, cyclic corrosion test) na obere ọmụmụ ihe.
