Ụdị Isomers na Kemịstrị
Isomers bụ ngwakọta nwere otu usoro molekul mana ha dị iche na nhazi ha ma ọ bụ nhazi atọm. Ihe a bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mma nke kemistri organic na inorganic n'ihi na mgbanwe nhazi a nwere ike imepụta ngwakọta nwere ihe dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ. E nwere ụdị isomer dị iche iche nke enwere ike kewaa dabere na otu ha si dị iche. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa ụfọdụ ụdị isomers bụ isi, gụnyere isomers nhazi (nke a makwaara dị ka isomers constitutional), stereoisomers, na isomers tautomeric.
1. Ndị na-emepụta ihe owuwu
Ụdị isomers nhazi bụ ụdị isomers dị iche iche n'ụzọ atọm ha si ejikọta onwe ha. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị isomers nhazi, gụnyere isomers yinye (skeletal isomers), isomers ọnọdụ, na isomers otu ọrụ.
– Isomers Ayika (Skeletal Isomers):
Isomers yinye nwere usoro dị iche iche nke atọm carbon. Ihe atụ bụ butane (C4H10), nke nwere isomers abụọ: n-butane (usoro kwụ ọtọ) na isobutane (usoro nwere alaka).
– Ọnọdụ Isomers:
Isomers nọ n'ọnọdụ bụ isomers nwere otu ọrụ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na molekul ahụ. Ihe atụ bụ 1-butanol na 2-butanol, ha abụọ bụ alcohols nwere usoro molekul C4H10O mana otu hydroxyl ha (-OH) dị na nọmba carbon 1 na nọmba carbon 2, n'otu n'otu.
– Ndị otu Isomers na-arụ ọrụ:
Isomer otu ọrụ bụ ihe ndị nwere otu ọrụ dị iche iche mana otu usoro molekul ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ethanol (C2H6O) na dimethyl ether (C2H6O) bụ isomer otu ọrụ; nke mbụ bụ mmanya ebe nke ikpeazụ bụ ether.
2. Stereoisomer
Stereoisomers nwere otu nhazi atọm mana ha dị iche na nhazi oghere nke atọm ndị ahụ. Ụdị stereoisomers bụ isi gụnyere isomers geometric na isomers optical.
- Isomers geometric (cis-trans isomers):
Isomers geometric bụ isomers dị iche na ọnọdụ nke ndị na-anọchi anya ibe ha n'ime molekul siri ike ma ọ bụ nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe, dịka na njikọ abụọ ma ọ bụ mgbanaka. Ihe atụ bụ 2-butene nke nwere isomers geometric abụọ: cis-2-butene (ndị na-anọchi anya n'otu akụkụ nke njikọ abụọ) na trans-2-butene (ndị na-anọchi anya n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ).
- Isomers Optical (Enantiomers):
Isomers anya bụ isomers nke a na-apụghị itinye n'elu ibe ha ma bụrụ onyinyo enyo nke ibe ha. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke atọm carbon asymmetric (ma ọ bụ etiti chiral) na molekul ahụ. Ihe atụ bụ lactic acid, nke nwere enantiomers abụọ: (R)-lactic acid na (S)-lactic acid.
3. Ndị na-emepụta Tautomer
Ndị na-akpọ Tautomers bụ isomers nwere ike ịgbanwe onwe ha site na mbufe nke atọm hydrogen n'ime molekul na nhazi nke njikọ. Usoro a na-agụnyekarị ihe ndị nwere atọm carbon nwere otu ọrụ ndị na-ebufe njikọ hydrogen ngwa ngwa. Ihe atụ ama ama nke tautomer bụ keto-enol tautomerism:
- Keto-enol Tautomerism:
Nke a bụ ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị nke tautomerism ebe ketone (nwere nhazi C=O) nwere ike isomerize ka ọ bụrụ enol (nwere nhazi C=C-OH). Ihe atụ bụ acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) na vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH).
4. Ndị na-agba Agbụ ígwè
Isomers nke nwere agbụ ígwè bụ ụdị isomers ndị nwere otu ọnụọgụ atọm mana ha dị iche ma nhazi ha ọ bụ agbụ ígwè mepere emepe. Ihe atụ bụ n'etiti cyclopropane na propene. Cyclopropane nwere nhazi mgbanaka carbon atọ, ebe propene bụ ihe mejupụtara agbụ ígwè mepere emepe.
5. Spingosomery Isomers (Chain Isomers)
Sphingosomery bụ otu ụdị isomerism pụrụ iche nke a na-ahụ na nnukwu molekul dịka protein na DNA, ebe ọdịiche dị na usoro ma ọ bụ nhazi nke blọk ụlọ na-emepụta isomers dị iche iche. Ihe atụ bụ amino acid, nke nwere ike ịmepụta agbụ peptide nwere usoro dị iche iche, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere otu ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ.
6. Atropisomerole
Atropisomers bụ ụdị stereoisomerism nke na-esi na mmachi nke ntụgharị gburugburu otu njikọ dị na ụfọdụ molekul, ọtụtụ mgbe na ngwakọta aromatic nwere nnukwu ihe nnọchi. A na-ahụkarị Atropisomers na molekul dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ihe karịrị otu mgbanaka aromatic ejikọtara mana enweghị ike ịtụgharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'ihi oke mgbochi steric ma ọ bụ torsional.
Mkpa nke Isomers na Kemistri na Ọgwụ
Isomers na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemistri, gụnyere kemistri ọgwụ, kemistri gburugburu ebe obibi, na biochemistry. Na kemistri ọgwụ, isomers abụọ nwere ike inwe ọrụ bayoloji dị iche iche. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ thalidomide, ebe otu enantiomer na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọgwụ na-ebelata ọgbụgbọ na ime ka afọ ju, ebe nke ọzọ na-akpata nsogbu nwa ebu n'afọ.
Mmechi
Ịghọta isomers dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ngalaba kemistri na bayoloji. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara isomers na-enye nghọta banyere otu obere mgbanwe na nhazi molekul nwere ike isi mepụta ihe kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ dị iche iche. Site n'ịghọta isomerism, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịmepụta ma jikwaa molekul maka ojiji ụfọdụ, mee ihe ndị dị irè karị na organic syntheses, ma mepụta ọgwụ ndị dị irè na ndị dị nchebe karị. N'ihi ya, ọmụmụ nke isomers abụghị naanị ihe mmụta kama ọ nwere mmetụta sara mbara maka ndụ kwa ụbọchị.
