N'ikuku nke ụwa, ọ dịghị helium ma ọ bụ hydrogen gas n'efu. Naanị nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0,90%), carbon dioxide, wdg. Ikuku nke Venus fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide (CO) mejupụtara ya kpamkpam.2) Ikuku Jupiter nwere ọtụtụ helium na hydrogen n'efu. Ọnwa enweghị ikuku. Gịnị mere ụdị ikuku dị na mbara ala ọ bụla ji dị iche? Gịnị mere na helium na hydrogen enweghị ikuku n'ụwa?
Mgbọrọgwụ nkezi ọsọ sụkwịa úkwù
Mgbọrọgwụ nkezi ọsọ sụkwịa = mgbọrọgwụ nkezi sụkwịa = vrmsAnyị nwere ike ịchọta usoro vrms site n'ịgbanwe nha nha nke ntụgharị nke Okpomọkụ na Ike Kinetic.
Ozi:
v rms = ọsọ ma ọ bụ ọsọ mgbọrọgwụ nkezi (m/s)
k = Nkịtị Boltzman (k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K)
T = Okpomọkụ zuru oke (K = Kelvin)
m = oke ibu (kg)
Ozi:
v rms = mgbọrọgwụ nkezi ọsọ ma ọ bụ ọsọ square (m/s)
R = Igwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
NA = Ọnụọgụ nke molekul kwa mole = Ọnụọgụ Avogadro (NA = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol)
T = okpomọkụ (K)
M = oke molekul = oke molar (kg/kmol ma ọ bụ gram/mol)
Vrms ewepụtara n'elu bụ ọsọ nkezi nke molekul dị na gas. Ụfọdụ molekul nwere ọsọ karịrị vrms, ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ọsọ pere mpe karịa vrms. Na 1859, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) chọpụtara nkesa nke ọsọ molekul na gas. Nkesa ọsọ molekul nke Maxwell sitere na ozizi kinetic, ya mere ọ ka mma maka molekul gas zuru oke. Nkesa ọsọ molekul nke Maxwell pụtara dịka egosiri na eserese dị n'okpuru.
N'afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere nnwale iji nyochaa ọsọ nkesa nke molekul gas n'ezie. O mechara pụta na nkesa ọsọ nke molekul gas n'ezie achọtara site na nnwale ndị ahụ bụ kpọmkwem otu ihe ahụ Maxwell chọpụtara.
Mgbe njupụta gas dị elu nke ọma, nkesa ọsọ nke molekul gas n'ezie nke e nwetara n'ọmụmụ ihe adabaghị na nkesa ọsọ nke Maxwell nwetara. Ya mere, nkesa Maxwell, nke dabere na ozizi kinetic nke gas site na iji usoro Newtonian, pere mpe. Enwere ike ịkọwa nkesa ọsọ nke molekul gas na njupụta dị elu site na ụkpụrụ quantum.
Nkesa nke ọnụego nke molekul gas dị adị nke enwetara site na nnwale ahụ yiri nke dị n'okpuru.
Ọnụọgụ a na-egosi nkesa nke ọsọ nke molekul gas n'ezie maka okpomọkụ abụọ dị iche iche. Grafụ nke nkesa nke ọsọ nke molekul enwetara site na nnwale a dabara na nha vrms dị n'elu (vrms bụ kpọmkwem nha nhata na okpomọkụ). N'ihi na vrms bụ kpọmkwem nha nhata na okpomọkụ, mgbe okpomọkụ na-abawanye (T2), usoro nkesa ọnụego molekul na-aga n'ihu gaa n'aka nri (v rms na-abawanye). EA (ike mkpali) bụ ike kinetic kacha nta achọrọ maka mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ.
Site na eserese dị n'elu, o yiri ka ka okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka molekul ndị ahụ nwere ike kinetic karịa ike mkpali (EA). Ọ bụ ya mere okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị ngwa ngwa. Ka okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka ike kinetic nke molekul ndị ahụ si ka ukwuu. N'ihi na molekul ndị ahụ nwere ike kinetic dị elu, mgbe ha na-akụkọ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ.
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta rms v nke molekul Nitrogen (N)2) n'ikuku na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC (Ngụkọta nitrogen = gram 28/mol = 28 kg/kmol)
Mkparịta ụka
k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K = 1,38 x 10.23 (kg m2 /s2 )/K
T = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K
Oke molar ma ọ bụ oke molakula N2 (M) = 2 x 14 u = 2 x 14 gram/mol = 28 gram/mol = 28 kg/kmol (oke atọm N = 14 u. lee tebụl nke ihe ndị dị n'oge)
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul/mol = Nọmba Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Ibu nke Nitrogen (m) = ?
Ọnụego rms na nitrogen (v rms) = ?
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta vrms nke Helium (He) n'ikuku na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC…. (Mkpụrụ ndụ helium = gram 4/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Mkparịta ụka
k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K
T = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K
Oke molar/Nha molekul nke He (M) = 4 u = gram 4/mol = 4 kg/kmol (oke atomic nke He = 4 u. lee tebụl nke ihe ndị dị n'oge)
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul/mol = Nọmba Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Mass Ọ (m) = ?
Ọnụego RMS Ọ (v rms) = ?
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta rms v nke Hydrogen (H)2) n'ikuku na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC…. (Ike molekul hydrogen = gram 2/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Mkparịta ụka
k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K
T = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K
Oke molar/M nke Hydrogen (M) = 2 x 1 u = 2 u = 2 grams/mol = 2 kg/kmol (oke atomic nke H = 1 u. lee tebụl nke ihe ndị dị n'oge)
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul/mol = Nọmba Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Mass H2 (m) = ?
Ọnụego RMS H2 (v rms) = ?
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta ọnụego rms nke oxygen molekul (O2) n'ikuku na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC. (mkpụrụ ndụ nke O2 = gram 32/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Mkparịta ụka
k = 1,38 x 10 .23 J/K
T = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K
Oke molar/Nha mol nke Oxygen (M) = 2 x 16 u = 32 u = 32 gram/mol = 32 kg/kmol (oke atomic O = 16 u. lee tebụl nke ihe ndị dị n'oge)
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul/mol = Nọmba Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Mass O2 (m) = ?
Ọnụego RMS H2 (v rms) = ?
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta ọnụego rms nke molekul carbon dioxide (CO).2) n'ikuku na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC. (mkpụrụ ndụ nke CO2 = gram 44/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Mkparịta ụka
k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K = 1,38 x 10.23 (kg m2 /s2 )/K
T = 30 oC + 273 = 293 K
Oke molar/Ike molekụla nke CO22 (M) = 12 u + (2 x 16 u) = 12 u + 32 u = 44 u = 44 gram/mol = 44 kg/kmol (oke atọm nke C = 12 u, oke atọm nke O = 16 u. Lee tebụl oge nke ihe ndị dị na ya)
Ọnụọgụ nke molekul/mol = Nọmba Avogadro (N)A) = 6,02 x 1023 /mol = 6,02 x 1026 /kmol
Oke CO2 (m) = ?
Ọnụego CO rms2 (v rms) = ?
v rms nke ụfọdụ ụdị gas
Ugbu a, ka anyị tụnyere rms v nke ọtụtụ ụdị gas:
v rms Haịdrojin (H)2) = 1917 m/s = 1,92 km/s (n'okpomọkụ nke 20 oC)
v rms Helium (He) = 1355,7 m/s = 1,36 km/s (na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC)
v rms Nitrogen (N2) = 510,75 m/s = 0,51 km/s (n'okpomọkụ nke 20 oC)
v rms Oxygen (O2) = 478,4 m/s = 0,48 km/s (n'okpomọkụ nke 20 oC)
v rms carbon dioxide (CO2)2) = 407,6 m/s = 0,41 km/s (n'okpomọkụ nke 20 oC)
Gas nwere ọsọ rms kachasị elu bụ hydrogen, nke kacha ala bụ carbon dioxide. Ugbu a tụnyere nke a na ọsọ mgbapụ n'elu ụwa (ọsọ mgbapụ = 11,2 km/s). Ọsọ mgbapụ bụ ọsọ kacha nta achọrọ maka ihe iji gbapụ n'ọhịa ndọda ụwa.
Ọ bụrụ na vrms nke molekul gas dị naanị 1/6 ugboro ọsọ mgbapụ (1/6 x 11,2 km/s = 1,86 km/s), mgbe ahụ enwere ọtụtụ molekul gas nke ọsọ ha karịrị ọsọ mgbapụ (cheta nkesa nke ọsọ molekul akọwara n'elu). Na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC, v rms nke gas hydrogen = 1,92 km/s (> 1,86 km/s). Ebe v rms nke gas helium na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC = 1,36 km/h (ihe dị ka 1,86 km/s). Nke a dị na okpomọkụ nke 20 oC.
Ka okpomọkụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka uru rms na-arị elu. Ka uru rms na-arị elu, otú ahụ ka ohere ịpụ n'ọhịa ike ndọda ụwa na-abawanye. Nke a bụ ihe kpatara na helium na hydrogen efu adịghị na ikuku ụwa.
Oke ọsọ mgbapụ nke mbara ala na ọsọ rms nke molekul gas na-ekpebi ụdị ikuku nke mbara ala ma ọ bụ satịlaịtị nwere. Ọsọ mgbapụ nke mbara ala Venus = 10,3 km/s. v rms CO2 dị obere nke na ọ na-esiri ya ike ịpụ na ikuku Venus. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọsọ Jupiter na-agba ọsọ bụ 60 km/s, nke dị elu nke ukwuu n'ihi nnukwu dayameta Jupiter. Ya mere, hydrogen na helium enweghị ike ịgbanahụ ubi ndọda Jupiter.
