Isiokwu gbasara iwu gas kacha mma (Nha nhata nke ọnọdụ gas kacha mma)
Iwu gas gụnyere: Iwu Boyle, Iwu Charles na Iwu Gay-Lussac Ọ bụrụ na iwu gas zuru oke anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ gas niile, nyocha anyị ga-esikwu ike. Iji mee ka nyocha ahụ dị mfe, e mepụtara ụdị gas zuru oke. Gas zuru oke adịghị adị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị; ha bụ naanị ụdị zuru oke e kere iji mee ka nyocha dị mfe. Echiche nke gas zuru oke na-enyekwara anyị aka nke ukwuu n'inyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iwu gas atọ ahụ.
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu na nrụgide nke gas
Site n'izo aka na iwu gas atọ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ịchọta mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu na nrụgide nke gas.
Ọ bụrụ na e jikọta usoro nhazi 1, usoro nhazi 2 na usoro nhazi 3 n'otu, ọ ga-adị ka nke a: PV ∝ T → Ntụnyere nke 4
Nke a na-egosi na nrụgide (P) na olu (V) hà nhata na okpomọkụ zuru oke (T).
N'aka nke ọzọ, olu (V) na-agbanwe agbanwe na nrụgide (P).
A gbanwere nha 4 ka ọ bụrụ nha nhata:
Ozi:
P1 = nrụgide mbụ (Pa ma ọ bụ N/m)2)
P2 = nrụgide ikpeazụ (Pa ma ọ bụ N/m)2)
V1 = olu mbụ (m)3)
V2 = olu ikpeazụ (m)3)
T1 = okpomọkụ mbụ (K)
T2 = okpomọkụ ikpeazụ (K)
(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 = sụkwịa mita, m3 = mita kubik, K = Kelvin)
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke gas (m) na olu (V)
Mgbe a na-eku ikuku ọkụ, ka ikuku na-abata, otú ahụ ka ọ na-agbasa. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ka ibu gas ahụ na-abawanye, otú ahụ ka olu balloon ahụ na-abawanye. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na oke gas (m) kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na olu gas (V). N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:
V ∝ m → Oke nke 5
Ọ bụrụ na e jikọta usoro nhazi 4 na usoro nhazi 5, mgbe ahụ:
PV ∝ mT → Ntụnyere 6
Ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ (n)
1 mole = oke nke ihe nke hà nhata oke molekul nke ihe ahụ. Oke molekul na oke ya dị iche.
Ihe atụ nke 1, oke molekul nke gas oxygen (O2) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (molekul oxygen ọ bụla nwere atọm oxygen abụọ, ebe atọm oxygen ọ bụla nwere oke nke u16). Ya mere, 1 molekul O2 nwere ibu nke gram 32. Ma ọ bụ oke molekul nke O2 = gram 32/mol = kilogram 32/kmol.
Ihe atụ nke abụọ, oke molekul nke gas carbon monoxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (molekul carbon monoxide ọ bụla nwere 1 atọm carbon (C) na 1 atọm oxygen (O). Oke 1 atọm carbon = 12 u na oke 1 atọm oxygen = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). Ya mere, 1 molekul nke CO nwere oke gram 28. Ma ọ bụ oke molekul nke CO = gram 28/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Ihe atụ nke 3, oke molekul nke gas carbon dioxide (CO2)2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (molekul carbon dioxide ọ bụla nwere 1 atọm carbon (C) na atọm oxygen abụọ (O). Oke nke 1 atọm carbon = 12 u na oke nke atọm oxygen 1 = 16 u). Ya mere, 1 mol CO2 nwere oke ibu nke gram 44. Ma ọ bụ oke ibu nke CO2 = gram 44/mol = kilogram 44/kmol.
Ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) nke ihe = oke nke oke nke ihe ahụ na oke molekulu ya. E dere ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ dịka nke a:
Ihe atụ nke 1: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nke mole dị na gram 64 nke O2
Mass O2 = gram 64
Ihe atụ nke 2: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke moles dị na gram 280 nke CO
Ibu nke CO = gram 280
Ihe atụ nke 3: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke moles dị na gram 176 nke CO2
Oke CO2 = gram 176
Igwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R)
Dabere na nchọpụta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere, achọpụtara na mgbe e ji ọnụọgụgụ moles (n) gosipụta nha nke ihe, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe maka gas ọ bụla nwere otu uru. Ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke a na-ekwu maka ya bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R).
R = 8,315 J/mol.K
= 8315 kJ/kmol.K
= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)
= 1,99 kalori / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lita, atm = ikuku, cal = kalori)
IWU GAS KACHASỊ MMA (n'ime ntụpọ)
Enwere ike ịgbanwe ntụnyere dị n'elu ka ọ bụrụ nha nhata site na itinye ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) na gas constant (R).
PV = nRT
A na-akpọ usoro nhazi a iwu gas zuru oke ma ọ bụ usoro nhazi gas zuru oke nke steeti.
Ozi:
P = nrụgide gas (N/m)2)
V = olu gas (m)3)
n = ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ (mol)
R = ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)
T = okpomọkụ zuru oke nke gas (K)
N'idozi nsogbu, ị ga-ahụ okwu STP. STP bụ mkpọbiri nke Ọkọlọtọ okpomọkụ na nrụgide ma ọ bụ Okpomọkụ na Nrụgide Ọkọlọtọ.
Okpomọkụ ọkọlọtọ (T) = 0 oC = 273 K
Nrụgide ọkọlọtọ (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 105 Nkem2 = 1,013 x102 kPa = 101 kPa
N'ịdozi nsogbu iwu gas, a ga-egosipụta okpomọkụ na nha Kelvin (K).
Ọ bụrụ na nrụgide gas ka bụ nrụgide nha, tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ nrụgide zuru oke mbụ.
Nrụgide zuru oke = nrụgide ikuku + nrụgide nha (nrụgide ikuku = nrụgide ikuku dị n'èzí)
Ọ bụrụ na ihe a maara bụ nrụgide ikuku (enweghị nrụgide nha), dozie nsogbu ahụ ozugbo.
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Na nrụgide ikuku (101 kPa), okpomọkụ nke gas carbon dioxide = 20 oC na olu = lita 2. Ọ bụrụ na agbanwee nrụgide ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 201 kPa ma okpomọkụ ahụ amụbaa ruo 40 oC, gbakọọ olu ikpeazụ nke gas carbon dioxide.
Mkparịta ụka
A maara na:
P1 = 101 kPa
P2 = 201 kPa
T1 = 20 oC + 273 K = 293 K
T2 = 40 oC + 273 K = 313 K
V1 = 2 lita
A jụrụ: V2
Azịza:
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Chọpụta olu nke mole abụọ nke gas na STP (were na gas a bụ gas zuru oke)
Mkparịta ụka
Olu nke mole abụọ nke gas na STP (okpomọkụ na nrụgide ọkọlọtọ) bụ lita 44,8.
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Olu nke ikuku oxygen na STP = 20 m3Kedu oke ikuku oxygen dị?
Mkparịta ụka
Oke oxygen dị na molekul = gram 32/mol (oke oxygen dị na gram 32). Ya mere, oke oxygen dị na gram 1 bụ:
oke (m) = ọnụọgụ nke moles (n) x oke moles
oke = (893 moles) x (32 grams/mol) = 28576 grams = 28,576 kg
Ihe atụ ajụjụ nke atọ:
Tankị nwere lita 4 nke gas oxygen (O2Okpomọkụ nke ikuku oxygen = 20 oC na nrụgide a tụrụ = 20 x 105 Nkem2Chọpụta oke ikuku oxygen dị (oke oxygen dị na molekul = 32 kg/kmol = gram 32/mol)
Mkparịta ụka
IWU GAS KACHASỊ MMA (N'ọnụọgụ nke molekul)
Ọ bụrụ na anyị egosi nha nke ihe ọ bụghị n'ihe gbasara oke (m), kama n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ nke moles (n), mgbe ahụ gas constant (R) zuru ụwa ọnụ metụtara gas niile. Amedeo Avogadro (1776‐1856), ọkà mmụta sayensị Itali, chọpụtara nke a na mbụ.
Avogadro kwuru na mgbe olu, nrụgide na okpomọkụ nke gas ọ bụla bụ otu, mgbe ahụ gas ọ bụla nwere otu ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul.
A na-akpọ ahịrịokwu ahụ e ji mkpụrụ okwu gbara ọkpụrụkpụ dee Avogadro's hypothesis. Echiche Avogadro, ma ọ bụ echiche, kwekọrọ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na R na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ otu ihe maka gas niile. Lee ụfọdụ ihe akaebe:
Mbụ, ọ bụrụ na anyị edozi nsogbu ahụ site na iji usoro iwu gas zuru oke (PV = nRT), anyị ga-achọpụta na mgbe ọnụọgụgụ moles (n) bụ otu, nrụgide na okpomọkụ bụkwa otu, mgbe ahụ olu gas niile ga-abụ otu, ọ bụrụ na anyị ejiri usoro gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). Na STP, gas ọ bụla nwere otu ọnụọgụ moles (n) ga-enwe otu olu. Olu nke mole gas 1 na STP = lita 22,4. Olu nke moles gas 2 = lita 44,8. Olu nke moles gas 3 = lita 67,2. Ya mere… nke a metụtara gas niile.
Nke abụọ, ọnụọgụgụ molekul dị na mole 1 bụ otu maka gas niile. Ọnụọgụ molekul dị na mole 1 = ọnụọgụgụ molekul dị na mole 1 = ọnụọgụgụ Avogadro (N)A). Ya mere, ọnụọgụgụ Avogadro bụ otu maka gas niile.
A na-enweta nha nke ọnụọgụ Avogadro site na nha:
NA = 6,02 x 1023 molekul/mol
Iji nweta ọnụọgụgụ molekul niile (N), anyị nwere ike ịmụba ọnụọgụgụ molekul kwa molekul (NA) site na ọnụọgụgụ molekul (n).
Nke a bụ nha nha iwu gas zuru oke n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul.
Ozi:
P = Nrụgide
V = Olu
N = Ọnụọgụgụ nke molekul niile
k = Ọnụọgụ Boltzmann (k = 1,38 x 10.23 J/K)
T = Okpomọkụ
Mpịakọta
1 lita (L) = 1000 mililita (mL) = 1000 cubic centimita (cm)3)
1 lita (L) = 1 kubik decimeter (dm)3) = 1 x 10.3 m3
Nrụgide
1 N / m2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Nkem2 = 1,013 x105 Pa = 1,013 x 102 kPa = 101,3 kPa (a na-ejikarị 101 kPa)
Pa = Pascal
ikuku = atm
Ike dị n'ime nke gas zuru oke
Ike dị n'ime nke gas kacha mma nke monatomic
Ike dị n'ime nke gas kacha mma nke monatomic bụ mkpokọta nke ike kinetic nke molekul nke gas kacha mma nke monatomic. Ngụkọta nke ike kinetic nke molekul nke gas kacha mma = ngwaahịa nke nkezi ike kinetic nke molekul ọ bụla site na ọnụọgụgụ molekul (N). N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ:
Ozi:
U = Ike dị n'ime nke gas kacha mma nke monatomic (J)
N = Ọnụọgụ nke molekul
k = Ọnụọgụ Boltzmann (k = 1,38 x 10 .23 J/K)
T = Okpomọkụ zuru oke (K)
n = Ọnụọgụ nke moles (mol)
R = Igwe gas zuru ụwa ọnụ (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
Ike dị na gas diatomic kacha mma
Ike dị n'ime nke gas diatomic zuru oke bụ mkpokọta ike kinetic ntụgharị, ike kinetic ntụgharị, na ike kinetic vibration nke molekul nke gas diatomic zuru oke. Dịka ụkpụrụ nke nhazi ike si dị, ike dị n'ime nke gas diatomic zuru oke bụ:
U = 5/2 n RT
Ike dị na gas polyatomic zuru oke
Ike dị n'ime nke gas polyatomic zuru oke bụ mkpokọta ike kinetic translational, ike kinetic rotational, na ike kinetic vibration nke molekul nke gas polyatomic zuru oke. Dịka ụkpụrụ nke nhazi ike si dị, ike dị n'ime nke gas polyatomic zuru oke bụ:
U = 7/2 n RT
Ike dị na gas n'ezie
Ike dị n'ime ezigbo gas na-adaberekwa na okpomọkụ. Mgbe nrụgide nke ezigbo gas dị elu nke ọma (olu nke ezigbo gas dị obere), ezigbo gas na-amalite igosipụta omume na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, a pụrụ ikwu na ike dị na ezigbo gas na-adaberekwa na nrụgide na olu.
