Nhazi nke mineral dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ
Mineral bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime ihe dị n'ime ala, nke nwere ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka kristal. A na-ekekọta ha dịka ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha na nhazi kristal ha si dị. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha nhazi nke mineral dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha.
1. Silicate
Silicates bụ otu mineral kachasị ukwuu ma dị mkpa, nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka 90% nke ihe dị n'ime ụwa. Ha nwere silica (SiO₂), mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-ejikọta ya na ion ígwè ndị ọzọ. A na-amata Silicates site na nhazi tetrahedral SiO₄ ha, nke na-akpata ọtụtụ nhazi dị n'ime.
– Nesosilicates: Mineral nwere tetrahedrons nọọrọ onwe ha. Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ olivine na garnet.
– Sorosilicates: Tetrahedron abụọ nke nwere otu atọm oxygen. Epidote bụ ezigbo ihe atụ.
– Inosilicates: Gụnyere usoro agbụ otu na nke abụọ nke tetrahedron SiO₄. Ihe atụ gụnyere pyroxene (otu agbụ) na amphibole (agbụ abụọ).
– Phyllosilicate: Nhazi mpempe akwụkwọ nke tetrahedrons SiO₄, dị ka mica na serpentine.
– Tectosilicate: Nhazi usoro nke tetrahedrons jikọtara ọnụ, dịka quartz na feldspar.
2. Kabọn
Mineral Carbonate bụ mineral nwere carbonate anion (CO₃²⁻). Ha na-etolite site na sedimentation na gburugburu mmiri ma bụrụ isi ihe mejupụtara limestone na marble.
– Otu Calcite: Nwere calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ calcite na aragonite.
– Dolomite Group: Nwere calcium na magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO₃)₂). Dolomite bụ ihe atụ bụ isi.
3. Oxide
A na-emepụta mineral oxide site na njikọ dị n'etiti ígwè na oxygen. A na-ahụkarị ha n'ụdị ọla ígwè.
– Dị Mfe: nke nwere otu ígwè na otu oxygen, dị ka hematite (Fe₂O₃) na magnetite (Fe₃O₄).
– Mgbagwoju anya: nwere ihe karịrị otu ígwè, dị ka spinel (MgAl₂O₄).
4. Sọlfide
Sulfide bụ mineral ndị e ji otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọla jikọtara na sọlfọ mee. Ha bụ isi iyi nke ọtụtụ ọla, gụnyere zinc, lead, na iron.
– Pyrite: FeS₂ bụ ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị nke mineral sulfide nke a makwaara dị ka "ọlaedo ndị nzuzu" n'ihi na ọ dị ka ọlaedo.
– Galena: PbS bụ isi ihe e ji eme ihe n'ime ihe ndị na-esi n'ite pụta.
5. Sọlfat
Mineral Sulfate bụ mineral nwere sulfate anion (SO₄²⁻). Ha na-etolitekarị site na mmiri ozuzo sitere na mmiri mmiri n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ.
– Barite: BaSO₄ bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma nke mineral sulfate nke e ji eme ọtụtụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.
– Gypsum: CaSO₄·2H₂O bụ mineral dị mkpa e ji emepụta plasta na gypsum board.
6. Phosphate
Ihe ndị dị na phosphate nwere phosphate anions (PO₄³⁻). A na-ahụkarị ha na nkume phosphate, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe mejupụtara phosphorus, nke dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ọrụ, gụnyere fatịlaịza.
– Apatite: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F, Cl, OH) bụ ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị nke mineral phosphate ma bụrụ isi ihe dị na ọkpụkpụ na ezé ndị dị n'úkwù.
7. Halides
Ihe ndị dị na Halide nwere ihe ndị dị ka halogen anion dịka fluorine, chlorine, bromine, ma ọ bụ iodine, nke ejikọtara na alkali ma ọ bụ alkaline earth metal.
– Fluorite: CaF₂ bụ ihe atụ nke mineral halide a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta iko yana dị ka ihe na-agbaze ígwè.
– Halite: NaCl, nke a makwaara dị ka nnu nkume, bụ mineral dị mkpa nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka oriri mmadụ na ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
8. Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ebumnobi
Ụfọdụ mineral nwere otu ihe dị ọcha ma a na-ahụ ha n'ụdị efu n'ime okike. A na-ekewa ha dị ka ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
– Ọlaedo (Au)
– Kọpa (Cu)
– Graphite na Daịamọnd (C)
9. Borate
Mineral Borate nwere anion borate (BO₃³⁻ ma ọ bụ B₂O₅⁴⁻) ma a na-etolitekarị ha n'ebe sedimentary ma ọ bụ evaporitic.
– Borax: Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O, nke a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe site na nchacha ruo na mkpuchi fiberglass.
– Kernite: Na₂B₄O₆(OH)₂·3H₂O, nke e ji eme iko borosilicate.
10. Nitrate
Mineral nitrate nwere nitrate anion (NO₃⁻). Ha na-etolitekarị n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ.
– Nitrate: Dịka niter (KNO₃), nke bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke potassium na nitrogen na fatịlaịza.
11. Tungstate na Molybdate
Tungstate na molybdate so n'ìgwè nnu dị mgbagwoju anya nke ogige tungsten (W) na molybdenum (Mo) nwere oxygen.
– Scheelite: CaWO₄ bụ isi ihe e ji emepụta tungsten.
- Wulfenite: Pb (MoO₄) bụ ihe atụ nke ịnweta molybdate.
Mmechi
Ịkewa mineral dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na-enye ezigbo ihe ọmụma banyere ụdịdị dị iche iche na usoro geological nke na-akpụzi ụwa anyị. Ịghọta nhazi a dị mkpa ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị ọkà mmụta ala na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụwa kamakwa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị dabere na akụrụngwa mineral. Site na ihe owuwu ruo na teknụzụ dị elu, mineral na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ụwa nke oge a.
N'ịtụle otú ọtụtụ ụdị mineral dị iche iche si baa uru na ọrụ dị mkpa ha, nnyocha na nghọta dị elu dị mkpa iji chekwaa ma jiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mineral mee ihe n'ụzọ ga-adịgide adịgide.
