Nhazi na Ọrụ nke Pituitary gland
Ọkpụkpụ pituitary bụ otu n'ime gland endocrine kacha mkpa n'ahụ mmadụ. N'agbanyeghị obere nha ya - ihe dị ka nha pea - a na-akpọkarị gland pituitary "master gland" n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta homonụ nke na-achịkwa ọrụ nke ọtụtụ gland ndị ọzọ, dị ka thyroid, adrenals, na gonads. Ọ dị n'ala ụbụrụ, n'azụ imi, jikọtara ya na hypothalamus site na ihe owuwu a na-akpọ pituitary stalk (infundibulum). Iji ghọta ihe kpatara pituitary ji dị oke mkpa, anyị kwesịrị ileba anya na nhazi anatomical ya na otu akụkụ ọ bụla si arụ ọrụ dị iche iche.
Ọnọdụ na Mmekọrịta ya na Hypothalamus
Ọkpụkpụ pituitary dị n'ime oghere dị n'ọkpụkpụ sphenoid a na-akpọ sella turcica. Ọnọdụ a na-echebe gland pituitary site na mmetụta, mana ọ na-enyekwa ohere ka gland ahụ gbasaa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi etuto ahụ) gbanye akụkụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu, gụnyere akwara anya, na-eduga na nsogbu anya. N'elu gland pituitary bụ hypothalamus—akụkụ nke ụbụrụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka ebe njikwa homonụ na nke onwe. Hypothalamus na-achịkwa gland pituitary site na ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: ụzọ akwara (karịsịa maka pituitary posterior) na ụzọ akwara hypothalamic-pituitary portal (maka pituitary anterior).
Isi Nhazi nke Pituitary Gland
N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa gland pituitary ụzọ atọ: gland pituitary anterior (adenohypophysis), gland pituitary posterior (neurohypophysis), na akụkụ etiti (pars intermedia), nke dị obere n'ime mmadụ.
1. Ọkpụkpụ Pituitary dị n'ihu (Adenohypophysis)
Adenohypophysis nwere anụ ahụ glandular nke na-emepụta homonụ n'ọrụ. Akụkụ a mejupụtara akụkụ nke gland pituitary. N'ihi ọdịdị endocrine ya, adenohypophysis nwere ọtụtụ arịa ọbara iji kesaa homonụ n'ahụ niile.
N'ihe gbasara histological, a na-ekekọta mkpụrụ ndụ adenohypophysis n'otu n'otu dabere na ụdị agba na homonụ ha na-emepụta, dịka:
- Somatotrophs: na-emepụta homonụ uto.
- Lactotrophs: na-emepụta prolactin.
– Thyrotroph: na-emepụta TSH.
– Corticotrophs: mepụta ACTH.
– Gonadotrophs: na-emepụta FSH na LH.
Hypothalamus na-achịkwa mmepụta homonụ adenohypophysis site n'ịhapụ ntọhapụ ma ọ bụ igbochi homonụ, nke a na-ebuga site na sistemụ hypothalamic-pituitary portal. Usoro a na-enye ohere maka njikwa zuru oke, ebe ọ bụ na ihe mgbaàmà homonụ sitere na hypothalamus na-aga ozugbo na gland pituitary na-enweghị ịga ogologo anya.
2. Ọkpụkpụ Pituitary dị n'azụ (Neurohypophysis)
N'adịghị ka adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis abụghị anụ ahụ glandular nke na-emepụta homonụ nke ya. Pituitary posterior bụ ndọtị nke sistemụ akwara etiti . Ọ mejupụtara njedebe axon nke hypothalamic neurons nke na-echekwa ma na-ewepụta homonụ abụọ dị mkpa: ADH (vasopressin) na oxytocin. A na-emepụta homonụ abụọ a na hypothalamus (na supraoptic na paraventricular nuclei), wee bufee ya site na axons gaa na posterior pituitary maka nchekwa na ntọhapụ n'ime ọbara mgbe ọ dị mkpa.
3. Akụkụ dị n'etiti
N'etiti adenohypophysis na neurohypophysis, pars intermedia dị n'etiti adenohypophysis na neurohypophysis. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, mpaghara a dị obere ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ụfọdụ anụmanụ. Pars intermedia jikọtara ya na mmepụta nke homonụ melanocyte, dị ka MSH (hormone na-akpali melanocyte), ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ọrụ ya n'ime ụmụ mmadụ toro eto dị ka nke pere mpe.
Ọrụ Pituitary: Homonụ dị mkpa na ọrụ ha
A pụrụ ịghọta ọrụ pituitary site n'inyocha homonụ ọ na-emepụta (ma ọ bụ na-ewepụta) na akụkụ ahụ ha na-arụ ọrụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ homonụ pituitary niile na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro nzaghachi iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi dị n'ime ahụ (homeostasis).
A. Homonụ Pituitary dị n'ihu
1. Mmiri ara ehi na-eto eto (GH / Somatotropin)
GH na-arụ ọrụ n'uto ahụ, nhazi protein, na metabolism abụba na carbohydrate. GH na-akpali imeju imepụta IGF-1 (ihe na-akpata uto dị ka insulin 1), nke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na anụ ahụ too. N'ime ụmụaka, enweghị GH nwere ike ibute uto na-adịghị mma, ebe oke GH nwere ike ibute gigantism. N'ime ndị okenye, oke GH na-akpata acromegaly (ịbawanye aka na ụkwụ, na mgbanwe n'ụdị ihu).
2. Prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji kpalite mmepụta mmiri ara n'ime ndị nne na-enye nwa ara. Mmiri ara ya na-amụba mgbe a mụsịrị nwa ma mkpali inye nwa ara na-emetụta ya. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị bụ na mgbochi hypothalamus site na dopamine na-achịkwa prolactin nke ukwuu. Mgbe mgbochi dopamine belatara, prolactin na-abawanye. Prolactin gabigara ókè nwere ike ibute nsogbu ịhụ nsọ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na mwepụta mmiri ara ehi n'èzí oge inye nwa ara (galactorrhea).
3. Hormone nke na-akpali thyroid (TSH)
TSH na-akpali gland thyroid imepụta homonụ thyroid (T3 na T4) nke na-achịkwa metabolism, okpomọkụ ahụ, obi, na mmepe nke sistemụ akwaraỌkwa T3/T4 zuru oke ga-ebelata TSH site na nzaghachi na-adịghị mma, na-eme ka nguzozi nke homonụ thyroid dị.
4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
ACTH na-akpali adrenal cortex imepụta glucocorticoids, ọkachasị cortisol. Cortisol dị mkpa maka nzaghachi nrụgide, ịchịkwa shuga ọbara, ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali elu, na mmetụta mgbochi mbufụt. ACTH gabigara ókè nwere ike ibute nsogbu dịka enweghị adrenal ma ọ bụ ọrịa Cushing.
5. Hormone nke na-akpali follicle (FSH) na Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Nke abụọ Homonụ a na-achịkwa ọrụ ọmụmụ nwaN'ime ụmụ nwanyị, FSH na-akpali ntozu oke nke follicle ovarian na mmepụta estrogen, ebe LH na-akpali ovulation na nhazi nke corpus luteum, nke na-emepụta progesterone. N'ime ụmụ nwoke, FSH na-akwado spermatogenesis, ebe LH na-akpali mkpụrụ ndụ Leydig imepụta testosterone.
B. Homonụ Pituitary dị n'azụ
1. Mmiri ọgwụ mgbochi diuretic (ADH / Vasopressin)
ADH na-achịkwa nguzozi mmiri ahụ site n'ịbawanye mmiri n'ime akụrụ, ka mmamịrị wee na-amịkọ nke ọma. ADH na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịnọgide na-enwe ọbara mgbali elu site na vasoconstriction n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Enweghị ADH na-akpata ọrịa shuga insipidus, nke a na-amata site na oke mmepụta mmamịrị na oke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, oke ADH nwere ike ibute SIADH, nke na-akpata njigide mmiri na nsogbu electrolyte, ọkachasị obere sodium.
2. Oxytocin
Oxytocin na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụkọ afọ n'oge ime ma na-enyere aka iwepụ mmiri ara site n'ịkpalite mkpụkọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ myoepithelial n'ime ara (ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ime ara dajụọ). Oxytocin na-ejikọkwa na akụkụ nke omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dịka njikọ mmetụta uche, ọ bụ ezie na usoro ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe.
Usoro Iwu: Nzaghachi na Usoro Ndụ
Ọtụtụ homonụ pituitary na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ nzaghachi na-adịghị mma site na gland ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ọkwa homonụ thyroid na-abawanye, a na-ebelata TSH. Usoro a na-egbochi mmepụta homonụ gabigara ókè. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ homonụ nwere usoro circadian. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa ACTH na cortisol na-adịkarị elu n'ụtụtụ ma dị ala n'abalị, na-egosipụta ihe achọrọ nke ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na nzaghachi nrụgide.
Mkpa nke Pituitary Maka Ahụike
Ebe ọ bụ na gland pituitary na-emetụta ọtụtụ ọrụ ahụ—ito, metabolism, ịmụpụta nwa, nrụgide, na nguzozi mmiri—ọbụna obere nsogbu nwere ike inwe nnukwu ihe ndị ga-esi na ya pụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, etuto pituitary (adenomas), nwere ike ibute oke ma ọ bụ enweghị ụfọdụ homonụ, yana nrụgide na anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu. Ihe mgbaàmà dị iche iche: isi ọwụwa, nsogbu anya, mgbanwe ibu, nsogbu ịhụ nsọ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na ọbụna mgbanwe n'ụdị ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na enwere oke GH.
Mmechi
Ọkpụkpụ pituitary bụ ebe njikwa nke usoro endocrine, na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma na hypothalamus. Ọdịdị nke gland pituitary, nke kewara n'ime adenohypophysis na neurohypophysis, na-eme ka usoro hormonal dị iche iche site na usoro abụọ dị iche iche: mmepụta homonụ glandular anterior na nchekwa na ntọhapụ nke hormone hypothalamic posterior. Homonụ pituitary na-achịkwa ọtụtụ usoro dị mkpa - site na uto na inye nwa ara ruo na metabolism na nzaghachi nrụgide ruo na mmeputakwa ruo na nguzozi mmiri. Site n'ịghọta nhazi na ọrụ nke gland pituitary, anyị nwere ike ịghọta ngwa ngwa mkpa nke nguzozi hormonal maka ahụike ma ghọta mmetụta nke nsogbu nwere ike inwe na obere gland a.
