Ọrụ nke Mitochondria na Mmepụta Ike Cellular
A na-akpọkarị Mitochondria "ụlọ ike" nke mkpụrụ ndụ, a pụghịkwa ikwubiga okwu ókè banyere ọrụ ha na mmepụta ike. Usoro ndị a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic, na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ndụ nwee ike zuru oke maka ọrụ dị iche iche nke bayoloji. Isiokwu a ga-enyocha nke ọma otu mitochondria si enye aka na mmepụta ike sel, usoro ndị dị na ya, na mkpa ha dị na ahụike sel sel na nke anụ ahụ dum.
Okwu Mmalite: Kedu ihe bụ Mitochondria?
Mitochondria bụ akụkụ ahụ nwere mgbidi abụọ nke a na-ahụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic niile. A na-akpọkwa ya "ụlọ ike" nke mkpụrụ ndụ, mitochondria bụ isi ebe mmepụta adenosine triphosphate (ATP), molekul ike bụ isi nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-eji maka usoro metabolic dị iche iche. Nhazi ndị a nwere akpụkpọ abụọ: akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro na akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ime nke nwere oghere, na-akpụ usoro a na-akpọ cristae. Cristae na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịbawanye mpaghara elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ime, nke dị mkpa maka mmepụta ATP.
Mmepụta ATP na Mitochondria
Mmepụta ATP na mitochondria na-eme site na usoro a maara dị ka oxidative phosphorylation, nke bụ ọkwa ikpeazụ nke iku ume sel. Iku ume sel bụ usoro mmeghachi omume biochemical nke gụnyere mgbanwe nke ike site na nri gaa na ATP. Iku ume sel nwere usoro atọ bụ isi: glycolysis, okirikiri citric acid (usoro Krebs), na oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Glycolysis bụ usoro mbụ nke iku ume mkpụrụ ndụ ma na-eme na cytoplasm. N'oge a, a na-ekewa glucose n'ime molekul pyruvate abụọ, na-emepụta obere ATP na NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
2. Usoro Citric Acid na-eme na matrix mitochondrial. A na-agbanwe Pyruvate nke glycolysis mepụtara ka ọ bụrụ acetyl-CoA, nke na-abanye na okirikiri citric acid. N'ime okirikiri a, a na-agbaji acetyl-CoA ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, a na-ebufekwa ike sitere na ya na molekul ndị na-ebu eletrọn NADH na FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
3. Phosphorylation oxidative na-eme n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mitochondrial dị n'ime. NADH na FADH2, nke okirikiri citric acid mepụtara, na-ewepụta elektrọn site na usoro njem elektrọn. Nnyefe elektrọn a na-emepụta proton gradient n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ mitochondrial dị n'ime, nke na-akwalite mmepụta ATP site na enzyme ATP synthase.
Usoro njem eletrọn nwere usoro nke mgbagwoju protein ndị dị n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mitochondrial dị n'ime. A na-ebufe eletrọn sitere na NADH na FADH2 site na mgbagwoju ndị a, a na-ejikwa ike ewepụtara agbapụ iji pịpụ proton site na matrix mitochondrial gaa na oghere intermembrane, na-emepụta gradient proton. ATP synthase, ihe mgbagwoju protein ọzọ, na-enye proton ohere ịlaghachi na matrix mitochondrial, a na-ejikwa ike sitere na gradient proton a ejikọta ADP na phosphate inorganic iji mepụta ATP. N'ime usoro a, oxygen na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nnata electron ikpeazụ ma na-ejikọta ya na proton iji mepụta mmiri.
Ọrụ nke Mitochondria na Metabolism Cellular
Tinyere mmepụta ATP, mitochondria na-etinyekwa aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke metabolism cellular, dịka mmepụta nke metabolites etiti dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke amino acid, lipids, na nucleotides. Mitochondria na-arụkwa ọrụ na calcium ion homeostasis, nke dị mkpa maka ọrụ cellular dị iche iche, gụnyere mkpụkọ akwara na nhazi nke metabolism ike.
Nguzozi zuru oke nke ọrụ mitochondrial a na-emepụta nguzozi nke na-akwado ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọtụtụ metabolites emepụtara na okirikiri Krebs na-etinye aka na ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị na biosynthetic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji citrate na-ahapụ mitochondria na cytoplasm maka mmepụta abụba acid.
Mitochondria na Apoptosis
Tinyere ọrụ ha na mmepụta ike na metabolism, mitochondria bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ịchịkwa apoptosis, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ emebere. Apoptosis bụ usoro dị mkpa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji ewepụ mkpụrụ ndụ mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị mkpa ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na uto na njikwa mma anụ ahụ.
Mitochondria nwere ike ịhapụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ ghara inwe mmetụta dịka cytochrome c n'ime cytoplasm n'ihi nrụgide ma ọ bụ mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe ndị a na-akpalite usoro mmeghachi omume nke na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ nke enzymes protease a na-akpọ caspases, nke na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ.
Mmetụta nke Nsogbu Mitochondrial na Ahụike
Nsogbu nke mitochondrial nwere ike ibute ọrịa dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrịa mmebi, metabolic, na obi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa Parkinson na Alzheimer na-ejikọta ya na mmebi mitochondrial nke na-eduga na mmụba nke mmepụta free radicals, nke na-emebi ihe dị mkpa na sel. N'otu aka ahụ, ọrịa shuga ụdị nke abụọ na ọrịa obi na-agụnyekarị nsogbu na mmepụta ike mitochondrial na mmebi nke metabolic homeostasis.
Mgbanwe na DNA mitochondrial nwekwara ike imetụta ọrụ mitochondrial. DNA Mitochondrial, nke e ketara site n'aka nne, na-akọwapụta ọtụtụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro njem eletrọn. Mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a nwere ike ibute ọrịa mitochondrial dịka ọrịa MELAS (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, na ọrịa strok-like episodes) na ọrịa Leigh.
Mmechi
Ọrụ mitochondria na mmepụta ike sel dị oke mkpa. Dịka isi ihe na-eme ka mmepụta ATP site na iku ume sel, mitochondria na-akwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ọrụ sel na ndụ nke ihe dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye na mmepụta ike, mitochondria na-arụkwa ọrụ na metabolism, nhazi ion, na apoptosis. Nsogbu na ọrụ mitochondrial nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ọrịa dị njọ. Ya mere, ịghọta ọrụ mitochondrial na ịnọgide na-enwe mitochondria dị mma dị oke mkpa maka ọdịmma zuru oke nke ihe dị ndụ.
Site n'ịghọta nke ọma otú mitochondria si arụ ọrụ, anyị nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ ka mma iji gwọọ ma gbochie ọrịa ndị sitere na nsogbu mitochondrial. Site na nyocha na-aga n'ihu, olileanya anyị bụ iji ike zuru oke nke "ụlọ ọrụ ike" sel ndị a mee ka ahụike na ịdị mma nke ndụ ka mma.
