Otu esi agbakọ nrụgide gas
Nrụgide gas bụ echiche dị oke mkpa na fisiksi na kemistri nke na-apụtakarị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị—site na taya ụgbọala na silinda LPG ruo na aerosols na usoro ụlọ nyocha. Ịghọta otu esi agbakọ nrụgide gas na-enyere anyị aka ịkọ amụma otu gas ga-esi mee ihe mgbe olu ya gbanwere, okpomọkụ ya na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ ya na-abawanye. Isiokwu a na-atụle nkọwa nke nrụgide gas, nkeji ejiri mee ihe, na usoro ndị bụ isi eji agbakọ ya, yana ihe atụ.
1. Ịghọta Nrụgide Gas
Nrụgide gas bụ ike nke ihe ndị dị n'ime gas na-eme mgbe ha na-adakọ na mgbidi nke akpa. Ọ bụ ezie na gas yiri ka ọ dị "ọkụ" ma a naghị ahụ ya anya, ihe ndị dị n'ime gas na-agagharị ngwa ngwa na enweghị usoro. Nkụkọ ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ihe na-akpata nrụgide.
N'ime mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-akọwa nrụgide dị ka:
P = F / A
Ozi:
– P = nrụgide
– F = ike
– A = mpaghara nke ụgbọelu (mpaghara)
Agbanyeghị, n'ọrụ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ gas (karịsịa na kemistri na fizik), a na-agbakọ nrụgide site na iji usoro gas zuru oke ma ọ bụ iwu gas ndị ọzọ.
2. Ngwugwu nrụgide gas a na-ejikarị eme ihe
Enwere ike igosi nrụgide gas n'ọtụtụ nkeji. Ndị a bụ nkeji ndị a na-ahụkarị:
1. Pascal (Pa)
Nkeji SI. 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
2. Kilopascal (kPa)
1 kPa = 1000 Pa.
3. Ikuku (atm)
A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na kemistri.
1 atm = 101325 Pa ≈ 101,3 kPa.
4. mmHg ma ọ bụ Torr
A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọbara mgbali elu na nnwale ikuku.
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr.
5. mmanya
A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọrụ injinia.
Ogwe 1 = 100 kPa.
Mgbanwe nkeji dị oke mkpa maka mgbakọ na mwepụ na-aga n'ihu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji usoro gas zuru oke ma na-eji R na nkeji nke L·atm/mol·K, mgbe ahụ nrụgide kwesịrị ịdị na atm, olu dị na lita, na okpomọkụ dị na Kelvin.
3. Iwu Gas Dị Mkpa Maka Ịgbakọ Nrụgide
a) Iwu Boyle (Nrụgide vs Olu)
Iwu Boyle kwuru na n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na oke gas na-agbanwe agbanwe, nrụgide na-agbanwe agbanwe na olu:
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Ozi:
– P₁, V₁ = nrụgide mbụ na olu
– P₂, V₂ = nrụgide na olu ikpeazụ
Ebe:
A na-etinye gas n'ime piston nwere nrụgide nke atm 2 na olu nke L3. A na-agbakọta gas ahụ ruo mgbe olu ya ga-aghọ L1,5 na okpomọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Gịnị bụ nrụgide ikpeazụ?
Jiri usoro a:
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
2 atm × 3 L = P₂ × 1,5 L
6 = 1,5P₂
P₂ = 4 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide ikpeazụ bụ 4 atm.
b) Iwu Gay-Lussac (Nrụgide vs Okpomọkụ)
Ọ bụrụ na olu na ọnụọgụ gas anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe, nrụgide ahụ na-adaba kpọmkwem na okpomọkụ zuru oke (Kelvin):
P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂
Ozi:
– T ga-adịrịrị na Kelvin (K), ọ bụghị na Celsius.
Ebe:
Nrụgide nke gas dị na silinda bụ 1,5 atm na 27°C. A na-ekpo ọkụ silinda ahụ ruo 127°C, mana olu ya ka na-agbanwe agbanwe. Gịnị bụ nrụgide ikpeazụ?
Gbanwee okpomọkụ ka ọ bụrụ Kelvin:
T₁ = 27 + 273 = 300 K
T₂ = 127 + 273 = 400 K
Ọnụọgụ:
P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂
1,5/300 = P₂/400
P₂ = 1,5 × (400/300) = 2,0 atm
Nrụgide ikpeazụ bụ 2 atm.
c) Iwu Gas Agwakọtara (Boyle + Charles + Gay-Lussac)
Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ gas ahụ anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe mana nrụgide, olu, na okpomọkụ nwere ike ịgbanwe:
(P₁V₁) / T₁ = (P₂V₂) / T₂
Nke a bara uru karịsịa maka ikpe ndị metụtara mgbanwe na okpomọkụ na olu n'otu oge.
Ebe:
Gas ahụ nwere nrụgide nke 1 atm, olu nke 2 L, na okpomọkụ nke 300 K. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agbanwe gaa na olu nke 3 L na okpomọkụ nke 450 K. Gịnị bụ nrụgide ikpeazụ?
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
(1 × 2)/300 = (P₂ × 3)/450
2/300 = 3P₂/450
0,00667 = 0,00667P₂
P₂ = 1 atm
Nrụgide ikpeazụ ka dị 1 atm.
4. Ịgbakọ Nrụgide Site na Nha Gas Dị Mma
Usoro gas kacha mma bụ usoro kachasị maka ịgbakọ nrụgide gas mgbe a maara ọnụọgụ nke moles:
PV = nRT
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịgbakọ nrụgide:
P = (nRT) / V
Ozi:
– P = nrụgide
– V = olu
– n = ọnụọgụgụ nke mole nke gas
– R = gas na-adịgide adịgide
– T = okpomọkụ (K)
Uru R dabere na nkeji ejiri. Ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ:
– R = 0,08206 L·atm/mol·K
– R = 8,314 J/mol·K (ọ bụrụ na ejiri Pa na m³)
Ebe:
0,5 moles nke gas dị n'ime akpa L 10 na 27°C. Kedu nrụgide dị na atm?
Mgbanwe okpomọkụ:
T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
P = nRT/V
P = (0,5 × 0,08206 × 300) / 10
P = (12,309) / 10
P = 1,2309 atm
Ya mere, nrụgide gas ≈ 1,23 atm.
5. Nrụgide nke akụkụ n'ime ngwakọta gas (Iwu Dalton)
Ọ bụrụ na otu akpa nwere ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ gas, mkpokọta nrụgide bụ mkpokọta nke nrụgide akụkụ nke gas ọ bụla:
Ngụkọta P = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + …
Enwere ike ịgbakọ nrụgide akụkụ nke gas m site na:
Pᵢ = xᵢ × P_mkpokọta
ebe xᵢ bụ akụkụ mole:
xᵢ = nᵢ / n_total
Ebe:
N'ime akpa, e nwere moles abụọ nke N₂ na mole 1 nke O₂. Nrụgide zuru oke bụ 3 atm. Kedu nrụgide akụkụ nke O₂?
n_total = 2 + 1 = 3 mol
x_O2 = 1/3
P_O2 = x_O2 × Ngụkọta P = (1/3) × 3 atm = 1 atm
Nrụgide nke O₂ = 1 atm.
6. Ndụmọdụ Dị Mkpa Iji Zere Mmejọ n'Ịgụkọ Nrụgide Gas
1. Jiri okpomọkụ Kelvin mgbe niile
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.
2. Kpọkọta nkeji ndị ahụ tupu ịgbakọ.
Ọ bụrụ na R dị na L·atm, jiri olu lita na nrụgide ikuku.
3. Lelee ma usoro ahụ ọ na-adịgide adịgide
Boyle: okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide.
Gay-Lussac: olu na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Charles: nrụgide na-adịgide adịgide (ọ bụ ezie na a kọwaghị ya nke ọma ebe a).
Gas ndị a gwakọtara agwakọta: ihe niile nwere ike ịgbanwe.
4. Jiri usoro gas zuru oke mee ihe mgbe a maara mole.
Ọ bụrụ na enyere gị oke gas, buru ụzọ gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ moles:
n = m / Maazị
5. Lezienụ anya n'ihe gbara ajụjụ a gburugburu.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime tube siri ike mechiri emechi (olu a kapịrị ọnụ), ikpo ọkụ ga-eme ka nrụgide dịkwuo elu dịka Gay-Lussac si kwuo.
Mmechi
Otu esi agbakọ nrụgide gas dabere na ọnọdụ nke sistemụ ahụ: ma okpomọkụ ahụ ọ na-adịgide, ma olu ya na-adịgide, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe niile na-agbanwe. Maka ikpe dị mfe, iwu Boyle na Gay-Lussac na-enyere aka. Maka ọnọdụ izugbe, nhazi gas ejikọtara na nhazi gas kacha mma bụ ngwaọrụ bụ isi. Ọ bụrụ na gas agwakọtara, a na-eji iwu Dalton ekpebi nrụgide zuru oke na nke akụkụ. Site n'ịghọta usoro, nkeji, na usoro ntụgharị, ị nwere ike idozi nsogbu nrụgide gas dị iche iche ngwa ngwa na nke ziri ezi.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ, enwere m ike ịmepụta ụdị nke akụkọ a yana ajụjụ omume ndị ọzọ (dịka ajụjụ 10-15) yana nkọwa nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ.
