Okwu Mmalite nke Ihe Ndị E Ji Kpọmkwem Elektrọnik
Eletrọniki bụ ngalaba sayensị nke na-amụ otú e si enyocha ihe mgbaàmà eletriki na njikwa site na sekit ndị mejupụtara ihe eletrọniki dị iche iche. N'ụwa nke oge a, enwere ike ịchọta ngwa eletrọniki n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ mmadụ, site na ngwaọrụ nkwukọrịta dịka ekwentị mkpanaaka na kọmputa, ruo ngwa ụlọ, ruo sistemụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụgbọ ala. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eme ihe eletrọniki na ngwa ndị a.
1. Nguzogide
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Resistor bụ ihe eletrọniki nke na-egbochi mmiri ọkụ eletrik na sekit. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, resistor na-agbakwụnye iguzogide mmiri ọkụ eletrik. Ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke resistor dabere na Iwu Ohm, nke na-ekwu na voltaji (V) n'ofe resistor bụ ngwaahịa nke ọkụ eletrik (I) na-agafe na resistor na uru iguzogide (R) nke resistor (V = I × R).
Ụdị ihe mgbochi
– Resistor Fixed: Ụdị a nwere uru iguzogide edobere ma enweghị ike ịgbanwe ya.
– Mgbanwe Resistor (Potentiometer): Ụdị a na-enye ohere ka agbanwee uru iguzogide dịka ọ dị mkpa.
– LDR (Nguzogide Na-adabere n'Ìhè): Ụdị nke uru iguzogide ya na-agbanwe dịka ike nke ìhè si adakwasị ya si dị.
Jiri
A na-eji ihe mgbochi eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa dị iche iche dịka mmachi ugbu a, nkewa voltaji, nhazi ọkwa mgbaàmà, na njikwa oge.
2. Kapasitor
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Kapasaịta bụ ihe na-echekwa ike eletriki n'ụdị ubi electrostatic n'etiti efere abụọ na-eduzi nke dielectric kewara. Ọrụ bụ isi nke kapasaịta bụ ịchekwa na ịhapụ ike yana ịchacha akara na ugboro ole akọwapụtara.
Ụdị Capacitor
– Ike Elektrọlik: Nwere nnukwu ikike ma a na-eji ya na sekit ndị chọrọ nchekwa chaja ruo ogologo oge.
– Ike seramiiki: A na-eji ya eme ihe ugboro ugboro na nzacha akara.
– Tantalum Capacitors: Obere n'ogo ya nwere nnukwu ikike, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ngwaọrụ ndị a na-ebugharị ebugharị.
Jiri
Ojiji nke capacitors sara mbara nke ukwuu, ọkachasị na nzacha mgbaàmà na sekit eletrọniki, dị ka nchekwa ike nwa oge, yana na sekit njikwa ugboro ugboro.
3. Induktor
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Inductor bụ ihe na-anaghị arụ ọrụ nke na-echekwa ike n'ụdị magnetik mgbe ọkụ eletrik gafere na ya. Isi ihe dị na inductor bụ iwu Faraday, nke na-ekwu na mgbanwe na ọkụ eletrik na coil ga-emepụta ike electromotive (EMF) nke na-emegide mgbanwe na ọkụ eletrik.
Ụdị Inductor
– Fixed Inductor: Nwere uru inductance a kapịrị ọnụ.
– Inductor Na-agbanwe Agbanwe: Enwere ike ịgbanwe induction site na ịgbanwe ọnọdụ nke isi dị n'ime eriri ahụ.
Jiri
A na-ejikarị inductor eme ihe na sekit nzacha mgbaàmà, ihe ndị na-agbanwe ugboro ugboro, ihe ndị na-agbanwe ike, na ngwa RF (Redio Frequency).
4. Dioda
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Diode bụ ihe eletrọniki nke na-ekwe ka ọkụ eletrik na-asọfe naanị otu ụzọ. Ụkpụrụ nke diode dabere na njikọ p-n nke ihe semiconductor, ebe ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịgbafe naanị site na anode gaa na kathode.
Ụdị Diode
– Silicon Diode: Ụdị diode a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
– Zener diode: A na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-achịkwa voltaji n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ mmebi.
– LED (Diode na-ewepụta ìhè): Na-emepụta ìhè mgbe ọkụ na-agafe na ya.
Jiri
A na-eji diodes eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na rectifiers, switches eletrọniki, na ndị na-achịkwa voltaji.
5. Transistor
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Transistor bụ ihe e ji eme ihe dị ka amplifier, switch, ma ọ bụ regulator nke mmiri ọkụ eletrik. E ji ihe semiconductor mee transistors ma nwee njedebe atọ: emitter, base, na collector. Ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke transistor dabere na ijikwa mmiri ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti emitter na collector site na ntọala ahụ.
Ụdị Transistor
– BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): Na-eji obere mmiri ọkụ dị na ntọala ahụ iji chịkwaa nnukwu mmiri ọkụ dị na onye na-anakọta ya.
– FET (Field Effect Transistor): Na-eji voltaji dị n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá achịkwa ọkụ eletrik dị na isi iyi na mmiri.
Jiri
A na-eji transistors eme ihe na sekit amplifier mgbaàmà, swiitị eletrọniki, na oscillators.
6. IC (Integrated Circuit)
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Sekit agbakọtara (IC) bụ ihe mejupụtara ọtụtụ transistors, resistors, capacitors, na ihe ndị ọzọ etinyere n'ime otu obere chip. ICs nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dabere na imewe na ebumnuche ha, site na nhazi mgbaàmà na nhazi ike ruo na ọrụ nhazi.
Ụdị IC
– Analog IC: A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọrụ nhazi akara analog.
– IC dijitalụ: A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọrụ nhazi akara dijitalụ dịka microcontrollers na microprocessors.
Jiri
A na-eji ICs eme ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaọrụ eletrọniki ọgbara ọhụrụ niile, site na kọmputa na ekwentị mkpanaaka ruo na ngwa ụlọ dị elu.
7. Ihe mgbanwe na ihe ndọghachi azụ
Ọrụ na Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ
Mgbanwe bụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nke eletrọniki nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie ma ọ bụ jikọọ mmiri ọkụ eletrik na sekit. Mgbanye ọkụ eletrik bụ ụdị mgbanye ọkụ eletrik nke obere ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ iji chịkwaa nnukwu ọkụ eletrik.
Ụdị Mgbanwe
– Mgbanwe Aka: A na-eji aka arụ ọrụ, dị ka mgba ọkụ gbanyụọ.
– Mgbanwe Elektrọnik: A na-eji akara elektrọnik arụ ọrụ, dịka relays ma ọ bụ MOSFET.
Jiri
A na-eji swiiti na relay eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa njikwa dị iche iche, site na ngwa ezinụlọ dịka swiiti ọkụ ruo na sistemụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya.
Penutup
Ịghọta ihe ndị bụ isi na kọmputa eletrọniki bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ịmụta ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche e ji teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ mee. Ihe ọ bụla nwere ọrụ na njirimara pụrụ iche nke enwere ike iji mee ihe n'ịmepụta na ịrụzi sekit eletrọniki. Site na ihe ọmụma a, mmadụ nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ ọrụ eletrọniki ọhụrụ na nke bara uru, ma maka ojiji nkeonwe ma maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
