Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Mmepụta Mkpụrụ Okpomọkụ
Njidepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (condensation polymerization) bụ ụdị mmeghachi omume nke na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na ijikọ monomers site na iwepụ obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, dị ka mmiri, methanol, ma ọ bụ HCl. Usoro a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na njikọta nke ihe dị iche iche nke ihe polymer eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha ihe atụ ma tụlee njidepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mee ka nghọta anyị banyere echiche a dịkwuo omimi.
Okwu Mmalite nke Ntụpọ Polymerization
Tupu anyị eleba anya n'ajụjụ ndị a, ka anyị leba anya nke ọma na njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ usoro nhazi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na mmeghachi omume nke monomers abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere otu ọrụ, na-abụkarị site na iwepụ obere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka mmiri dị ka ihe sitere na ya. Njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a na-enweta nwere ibu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị elu karịa monomers. Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nke njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ ịmepụta polyester na polyamides.
Ihe atụ nke Polymers sitere na Condensation Polymerization
1. Polyester: E si na mmeghachi omume nke terephthalic acid (benzene-dicarboxylate) na ethylene glycol mepụta ya. Ihe atụ ngwaahịa: PET (polyethylene terephthalate).
2. Polyamide (Nylon): E si na mmeghachi omume nke adipic acid na hexamethylene diamine mepụta ya. Ihe atụ ngwaahịa: Nylon-66.
3. Polycarbonate: E si na mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti bisphenol A na phosgene mepụta ya.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Mmepụta Mkpụrụ Okpomọkụ
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ ajụjụ na mkparịta ụka nwere ike inyere gị aka ịghọta usoro njikọta nke polima.
Ajụjụ nke 1: Nhazi nke Polyester
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa mmeghachi omume nke na-emepụta polyester site na ethylene glycol na terephthalic acid. See nhazi nke polima ahụ wee gbakọọ oke molekul nke akụkụ kacha nta nke polima ahụ.
Mkparịta ụka:
A na-emepụta polyester site na mmeghachi omume mmiri mmiri dị n'etiti ethylene glycol (CH₂OH-CH₂OH) na terephthalic acid (C₆H₄(COOH)₂).
Enwere ike ide mmeghachi omume nhazi a dị ka ndị a:
\[ n \, (\text{CH}_2\text{OH-CH}_2\text{OH}) + n \, (\text{C}_6\text{H}_4(\text{COOH})_2) \rightarrow (\text{O}-\text{C}_6\text{H}_4-\text{COO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{O})_n + 2n\, \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Nhazi nke polyester a na-emepụta mmiri dị ka ihe na-esote. Iji chọpụta nhazi bụ isi nke polyester, anyị kwesịrị ileba anya na akụkụ na-emegharị nke yinye polymer:
Nhazi bụ isi nke PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate):
\[
\ederede{-O-}\ederede{C}_6\ederede{H}_4\ederede{-COO-CH}_2\ederede{-CH}_2\ederede{-}
\]
Enwere ike ịgbakọ oke molekul dị n'ime obere polyester unit dị ka ndị a:
– Oke molekul nke -CH₂-CH₂-O- (ethylene glycol na-enweghị H₂O): 60 g/mol
– Oke molekul nke -COO- (otu ester): 44 g/mol
– Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke C₆H₄ (benzene na-enweghị H₂O): 76 g/mol
Ngụkọta nke oke molekul nke obere akụkụ:
\[
60 + 44 + 76 = 180 \, \ederede{g/mol}
\]
Ajụjụ nke Abụọ: Nhazi nke Polyamide (Nylon-6,6)
Ajụjụ: Kọwaa usoro e si emepụta Nylon-6,6 site na mmeghachi omume polymerization nke adipic acid na hexamethylene diamine. Tinye nhazi nkeji nke Nylon-6,6 ma gbakọọ oke molekul nke nkeji kacha nta.
Mkparịta ụka:
A na-emepụta naịlọn-6,6 site na mmeghachi omume nke mmiri mmiri dị n'etiti adipic acid (HOOC-(CH₂)₄-COOH) na hexamethylene diamine (H₂N-(CH₂)₆-NH₂).
Mmeghachi omume nhazi bụ:
\[ n \, (\ederede {HOOC-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_4\ederede{-COOH}) + n \, (\ederede {H}_2\ederede{N-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_6\ederede{ -NH}_2) \rightarrow (\ederede {-NH-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_6\ederede{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_4\ederede{-CO-})_n + 2n \, \ederede{H}_2\ederede{O} \]
Nhazi bụ isi nke Naịlọn-6,6:
\[
\ederede{-NH-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_6\ederede{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\ederede{)}_4\ederede{-CO-}
\]
Oke molekul dị n'ime obere nkeji:
– Oke molekul nke -NH-(CH₂)₆-NH- (hexamethylene diamine mwepu H₂O): 114 g/mol
– Oke molekul nke -CO-(CH₂)₄-CO- (adipic acid na-enweghị H₂O): 142 g/mol
Ngụkọta nke oke molekul nke obere akụkụ:
\[
114 + 142 = 256 \, \ederede{g/mol}
\]
Ajụjụ nke 3: Polycarbonate
Ajụjụ: Kedu ka mmeghachi omume nke bisphenol A na phosgene si etolite polycarbonate? See nhazi bụ isi nke polycarbonate ma gbakọọ oke molekul nke obere unit.
Mkparịta ụka:
A na-emepụta polycarbonate site na mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti bisphenol A (C₁₅H₁₆O₂) na phosgene (COCl₂).
Enwere ike ide mmeghachi omume nhazi ahụ dị ka:
n + 2n \, \ederede{HCl} \]
Nhazi bụ isi nke polycarbonate:
\[
\text{-O-CO-OC}_6\text{H}_4\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)_2\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{O}-
\]
Oke molekul dị n'ime obere nkeji:
– Oke molekul nke C₆H₄-C(CH₃)₂-C₆H₄ (bisphenol A na-enweghị H₂O): 224 g/mol
– Oke molekul nke -COO-: 28 g/mol
Ngụkọta nke oke molekul nke obere akụkụ:
\[
224 + 28 = 252 \, \ederede{g/mol}
\]
Mmechi
N'isiokwu a, anyị atụleela echiche nke njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-ekpuchi mmeghachi omume na nhazi nke ụfọdụ polima a ma ama nke usoro a mepụtara. Site n'inye ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka, isiokwu a na-achọ ịkọwa otu mmeghachi omume ndị a si arụ ọrụ na otu anyị ga-esi gbakọọ oke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke obere nkeji dị na yinye polima. Nghọta dị mma nke njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oke mkpa n'ihi na a na-eji usoro a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ iji mepụta ọtụtụ ihe nwere ihe pụrụ iche na ọtụtụ ojiji.
