Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara Mbelata Nrụgide Uzuoku nke Ngwọta
Mbelata nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe ngwọta (Vapor Pressure Depression) bụ ihe jikọrọ ihe ngwọta, nke dabere naanị na ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị gbazere agbaze ọ bụghị na ọdịdị kemịkalụ nke ihe ndị ahụ. Iji mee ka nghọta dị mfe, anyị ga-atụle echiche a site na ọtụtụ ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka zuru ezu.
Echiche Dị Mfe nke Mbelata Nrụgide Upo
Mgbe ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe gbazee n'ime ihe mgbaze iji mepụta ngwọta, nrụgide uzuoku nke ngwọta ahụ na-adịkarị ala karịa nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe mgbaze dị ọcha n'otu okpomọkụ ahụ. A maara ihe a dị ka mbelata nrụgide uzuoku. Isi ihe kpatara usoro a bụ ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị na-agbaze, nke na-ebelata ohere nke molekul mgbaze ịbanye n'ime usoro gas, si otú a na-ebelata nrụgide uzuoku.
Enwere ike ịgbakọ mbelata a na nrụgide uzuoku site na iji usoro a:
\[ \Delta P = P^\ederede{0} – P \]
Ebe:
– \( \Delta P \) bụ mbelata na nrụgide uzuoku.
– \( P^\text{0} \) bụ nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe mgbaze dị ọcha.
– \( P \) bụ nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe ngwọta ahụ.
Enwere ike igosipụta mbelata nrụgide uzuoku site na iji usoro Raoult dị ka:
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{solute}} \cdot P^\text{0} \]
Ebe:
– \( x_{\text{solute}} \) bụ akụkụ mole nke ihe mgbaze ahụ.
Maka ihe atụ ndị a, ka anyị were ya na anyị nwere ihe mgbaze dị ọcha na ihe mgbaze dị iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1
Ajụjụ:
Ka e were ya na anyị nwere ihe ngwọta nke nwere gram 10 nke urea (NH2CONH2) nke agbazere na gram 90 nke mmiri. Nrụgide uzuoku nke mmiri dị ọcha na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ bụ 23.76 mmHg. Gbakọọ nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe ngwọta ahụ.
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ 1: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụ nke urea na mmiri.
– Mkpuru urea nke molar (NH\(_2\)CONH\(_2\)): 60 g/mol.
- Ọnụọgụ nke mole urea:
\[ \text{mol urea} = \frac{10\text{ g}}{60\text{ g/mol}} = 0.167 \text{mol} \]
– Oke mmiri dị n'ime ya (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Ọnụọgụ nke mole mmiri:
\[ \text{mole mmiri} = \frac{90\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 5 \text{ mol} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 2: Gbakọọ akụkụ mole nke urea.
\[ x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{\text{mole urea}}{\text{mole urea} + \text{mole mmiri}} = \frac{0.167}{0.167 + 5} = 0.0326 \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 3: Gbakọọ mbelata nrụgide uzuoku.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{urea}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0326 \cdot 23.76 \text{ mmHg} = 0.774 \text{ mmHg} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 4: Gbakọọ nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe ngwọta ahụ.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.76 \text{ mmHg} – 0.774 \text{ mmHg} = 22.986 \text{ mmHg} \]
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2
Ajụjụ:
A na-akwadebe ihe ngwọta site na ịgbari 58.5 g nke sodium chloride (NaCl) na 200 g nke mmiri. Gbakọọ nrụgide uzuoku na-ebelata na 50°C ebe nrụgide uzuoku nke mmiri dị ọcha bụ 92.5 mmHg.
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ 1: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke mole nke NaCl na mmiri.
– Oke ibu nke NaCl: 58.5 g/mol.
– Ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ NaCl:
\[ \text{mol NaCl} = \frac{58.5\text{ g}}{58.5\text{ g/mol}} = 1 \text{ mol} \]
– Oke mmiri dị n'ime ya (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Ọnụọgụ nke mole mmiri:
\[ \text{mole mmiri} = \frac{200\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{ mol} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 2: Cheta na nhazi ionization zuru oke nke NaCl na-emepụta ion abụọ kwa nkeji usoro (Na\(^+\) na Cl\(^-\)).
\[n_{\text{total}} = n_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot 2 = 1 \cdot 2 = 2 \text{mol ions} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 3: Gbakọọ akụkụ mole nke ihe ngwọta ahụ.
\[ x_{\text{NaCl}} = \frac{n_{\text{total}}}{n_{\text{total}} + n_{\text{air}}} = \frac{2}{2 + 11.11} = 0.152 \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 4: Gbakọọ mbelata nrụgide uzuoku.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.152 \cdot 92.5 \text{ mmHg} = 14.06 \text{ mmHg} \]
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3
Ajụjụ:
Ọ bụrụ na gram 20 nke glucose (C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\)) agbaze na gram 150 nke mmiri, nrụgide uzuoku nke mmiri dị ọcha na 25°C bụkwa 23.8 mmHg, gbakọọ nrụgide uzuoku nke mmiri ahụ.
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ 1: Gbakọọ ọnụọgụgụ nke glucose na mmiri.
– Mkpụkọ glucose dị n'ọbara: 180 g/mol.
- ọnụọgụ nke glucose:
\[ \text{mol glucose} = \frac{20\text{ g}}{180\text{ g/mol}} = 0.111 \text{ mol} \]
– Oke mmiri dị n'ime ya (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Ọnụọgụ nke mole mmiri:
\[ \text{mole mmiri} = \frac{150\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 8.33 \text{ mol} \]
Nzọụkwụ 2: Gbakọọ akụkụ mole nke glucose.
\[ x_{\text{glucose}} = \frac{\text{mol glucose}}{\text{mol glucose} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.111}{0.111 + 8.33} = 0.0132 \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 3: Gbakọọ mbelata nrụgide uzuoku.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{glucose}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0132 \cdot 23.8 \text{ mmHg} = 0.314 \text{ mmHg} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 4: Gbakọọ nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe ngwọta ahụ.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} – 0.314 \text{ mmHg} = 23.486 \text{ mmHg} \]
Penutup
Site na ihe atụ ndị dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ịhụ na enwere ike ịgbakọ mbelata nrụgide uzuoku nke ngwọta ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị maara ọnụọgụ nke moles nke solute na ihe mgbaze, yana nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe mgbaze dị ọcha. Echiche a nwere ọtụtụ ojiji dị mkpa, ọkachasị na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na ọgwụ, ebe njikwa njirimara ngwọta dị oke mkpa. Nghọta dị mma nke echiche a na-enyekwa aka na ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara njirimara thermodynamic nke ngwọta.
