Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Ọwa Eletriki na Efere Parallel
Ọgba eletriki dị na efere parallel bụ echiche dị mkpa na fizik eletriki ma a na-anwale ya ugboro ugboro n'ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche, ma na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma na kọleji. Nghọta zuru oke nke echiche a dị oke mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ọkụ eletrik dị na efere parallel nwere njikọ chiri anya na ngwa dị iche iche bara uru, gụnyere imewe nke capacitors na ngwaọrụ eletrọniki ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu a ga-enye ihe atụ nsogbu na mkparịta ụka zuru ezu nke ọkụ eletrik dị na efere parallel iji nyere aka ịghọta echiche a.
Isi Ozizi nke Ọdụ Eletrik na Efere Parallel
Efere ndị yiri ibe ha bụ efere abụọ na-eduzi ndị na-ebu ọkụ eletrik dị iche iche ma ha na-ahazi ha n'otu ebe dị anya. N'ime efere ndị a yiri ibe ha, chajị ahụ ga-agbasa nke ọma n'elu efere ndị ahụ. Dabere na iwu Gauss, enwere ike ịkọwa oghere eletriki \(E \) n'etiti efere abụọ na-eduzi ndị yiri ibe ha nwere chajị ndị dị iche iche dị ka:
\[ E = \ frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0} \]
Ebe:
– \( \sigma \) bụ njupụta nke chajị elu dị na efere ahụ,
– \( \epsilon_0 \) bụ ikike ikuku \((8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F/m})\).
N'ọnọdụ dị mma (nha efere buru ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere anya dị n'etiti ha), a na-ewere ebe eletrik dị n'etiti efere ahụ dị ka otu.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ndị Dị Mkpa
Ajụjụ nke Mbụ:
E nwere efere abụọ yiri ibe ha nwere mpaghara A nke buru ibu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere anya \(d \) dị n'etiti ha ka efere elu wee nwee chajị \( +Q \) na efere ala nwere chajị \( -Q \). Ọ bụrụ na anya dị n'etiti efere abụọ ahụ bụ \( 2 \, \text{mm} \), mpaghara efere ọ bụla bụ \( 1 \, \text{m}^2 \), na chajị \( Q \) bụ \( 1 \, \mu \text{C} \), chọpụta ebe eletrik dị n'etiti efere ndị yiri ibe ha!
Nzọụkwụ Mkparịta ụka:
1. Njupụta nke chaja elu \( \sigma \):
Njupụta nke chajị elu bụ ego chajị kwa mpaghara otu dị na efere ahụ. Enwere ike ịgbakọ ya site na:
\[ \sigma = \frac{Q}{A} \]
A maara:
– \( Q = 1 \, \mu \text{C} = 1 \ugboro 10^{-6} \text{C} \)
– \( A = 1 \, \ederede{m}^2 \)
Ya mere:
\[ \sigma = \frac{1 \ugboro 10^{-6} \text{C}}{1 \text{m}^2} = 1 \ugboro 10^{-6} \text{C/m}^2 \]
2. Ọdụ Eletriki \(E \):
Ọdụ eletriki dị n'etiti efere abụọ yiri ibe ha nke chajị dị iche bụ \( E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0} \).
E nyere \( \epsilon_0 = 8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F/m} \), mgbe ahụ:
\[ E = \frac{1 \ugboro 10^{-6} \ederede{C/m}^2}{8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \ederede{F/m}} \]
\[ E = 1.13 \ugboro 10^5 \, \ederede{N/C} \]
Ya mere, ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti efere abụọ ahụ bụ \( 1.13 \ugboro 10^5 \, \text{N/C} \).
Ajụjụ nke Mbụ:
Ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime efere dị larịị nwere efere abụọ yiri ibe ha nwere mpaghara nke \(2 \, \text{m}^2 \) nke ọ bụla ma kewaa ya site na anya nke \(1 \, \text{mm} \). Ọ bụrụ na ike dị n'elu efere ahụ bụ \(200 \, \text{V} \) na efere dị n'okpuru bụ 0 V, chọpụta ike ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti efere abụọ ahụ!
Nzọụkwụ Mkparịta ụka:
1. Ngụkọta nke Ihe Dị Iche Nwere Ike Ịdị iche \(V \):
A maara na efere dị n'elu nwere ike \(V_{\text{top}} = 200 \, \text{V} \) na efere dị n'okpuru \(V_{\text{bottom}} = 0 \, \text{V} \). Ya mere, ọdịiche dị n'etiti efere abụọ ahụ bụ:
\[V = V_{\text{top}} – V_{\text{bottom}} = 200 \, \text{V} – 0 \, \text{V} = 200 \, \text{V} \]
2. Ike Ọdụ Eletriki \(E \):
Enwere ike ịgbakọ oghere eletriki dị na capacitor efere parallel site na ikewa ọdịiche nwere ike \(V \) site na anya \( d \):
\[ E = \frac{V}{d} \]
Ebe ọ bụ na e nyere anya \( d = 1 \, \text{mm} = 1 \ugboro 10^{-3} \, \text{m} \), mgbe ahụ:
\[ E = \frac{200 \, \text{V}}{1 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m}} = 2 \times 10^5 \, \text{V/m} \]
Ya mere, ike ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti efere abụọ ahụ bụ \( ugboro 2 10^5 \, \text{V/m} \).
Ajụjụ nke Mbụ:
Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'otu efere nwere efere nwere mpaghara nke \( 0.5 \, \text{m}^2 \) na anya dị n'etiti efere nke \( 0.5 \, \text{cm} \). Ọ bụrụ na ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya nwere chajị nke \( 2 \, \mu \text{C} \), gbakọọ ikike ya na oghere eletrik dị n'etiti efere ndị ahụ!
Nzọụkwụ Mkparịta ụka:
1. Ike \(C \):
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ikike nke capacitor efere parallel site na iji usoro a:
\[ C = \epsilon_0 \frac{A}{d} \]
A maara:
– \( \epsilon_0 = 8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F/m} \)
– \( A = 0.5 \, \ederede{m}^2 \)
– \( d = 0.5 \, \ederede{cm} = 0.5 \ugboro 10^{-2} \, \ederede{m} \)
Ya mere:
\[ C = 8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F/m} \ugboro \frac{0.5 \, \text{m}^2}{0.5 \ugboro 10^{-2} \, \text{m}} \]
\[ C = 8.85 \ugboro 10^{-12} \ugboro 10 \, \text{F} \]
\[ C = 88.5 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F} \]
\[ C = 88.5 \, \ederede{pF} \]
2. Ọdụ Eletriki \(E \):
Iji gbakọọ ubi eletriki, anyị ga-ebu ụzọ mara ọdịiche dị n'etiti \(V \). Enwere ike ịgbakọ ọdịiche dị n'etiti \(V \) dị ka:
\[V = \frac{Q}{C} \]
A maara:
– \( Q = 2 \, \mu \text{C} = 2 \ugboro 10^{-6} \text{C} \)
– \( C = 88.5 \ugboro 10^{-12} \text{F} \)
Ya mere:
\[ V = \frac{2 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, \text{C}}{88.5 \ugboro 10^{-12} \, \text{F}} \]
\[ V = 22.6 \ugboro 10^3 \, \ederede{V} \]
\[ V = 22.6 \, \ederede{kV} \]
Na-esote, site na iji usoro \( E = \frac{V}{d} \), oghere eletrik bụ:
\[ E = \frac{22.6 \, \text{kV}}{0.5 \ugboro 10^{-2} \, \text{m}} \]
\[ E = 22.6 \ugboro 10^3 \, \frac{\text{V}}{0.5 \ugboro 10^{-2} \, \text{m}} \]
\[ E = 4.52 \ugboro 10^6 \, \ederede{V/m} \]
Ya mere, ikike nke capacitor bụ \( 88.5 \, \text{pF} \) ebe ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti efere bụ \( 4.52 \times 10^6 \, \text{V/m} \).
Mmechi
Ịghọta ebe ọkụ eletrik dị n'ime efere ndị yiri ibe ha dị oke mkpa ọ bụghị naanị maka ule agụmakwụkwọ kamakwa maka ojiji bara uru n'ọtụtụ ngalaba injinia na fisik. Site na nsogbu na mkparịta ụka dị n'elu, a na-atụ anya na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ga-enweta nghọta ka mma nke echiche ahụ na ojiji ya, na-eme ka ha nwee ike iji obi ike karịa bịaruo ya n'ọnọdụ na ule dị adị n'ezie.
