Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara nhazi Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons bụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke mejupụtara ihe ndị mejupụtara carbon (C) na hydrogen (H). Enwere ike ịmata ihe ndị a site na nhazi ha na ụdị njikọ ha nwere. N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa hydrocarbons n'ime ụdị abụọ sara mbara: aliphatic hydrocarbons na aromatic hydrocarbons. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ọtụtụ nsogbu atụ na mkparịta ụka ha metụtara nhazi hydrocarbon.
1. Haịrọkabọn Aliphatic
Haịbọd Aliphatic bụ haịbọd ndị na-enweghị mgbaaka benzene ma ọ bụ mgbaaka ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike kewaa haịbọd Aliphatic n'onwe ha ụzọ atọ:
a. Alkan
Alkanes bụ hydrocarbons jupụtara na ya nke nwere njikọ dị n'etiti atọm carbon. Usoro izugbe maka alkanes bụ CnH2n+2.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 1:
Dee usoro kemịkalụ na aha alkane ahụ site na iji atọm carbon ise.
Azịza:
Maka alkane nwere atọm carbon ise (n=5), usoro kemịkalụ bụ C5H12. Site na iji iwu aha IUPAC, a na-akpọ ihe mejupụtara a Pentane.
b. Alken
Alkenes bụ hydrocarbons ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju nke nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa njikọ abụọ (C=C) n'etiti atọm carbon. Usoro ha bụ CnH2n.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 2:
Dee usoro kemịkalụ na aha alkene nwere atọm carbon.
Azịza:
Maka alkene nwere atọm carbon atọ (n=3), usoro kemịkalụ bụ C3H6. A maara ihe mejupụtara ya dị ka propene.
c. Alkynes
Alkynes bụ hydrocarbon ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju nke nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa njikọ atọ (C≡C) n'etiti atọm carbon. Usoro ha bụ CnH2n-2.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 3:
Dee usoro kemịkalụ na aha alkyne nwere atọm carbon anọ.
Azịza:
Maka alkyne nwere atọm carbon anọ (n=4), usoro kemịkalụ bụ C4H6. A maara ihe mejupụtara ya dị ka Butyne.
2. Mmiri carbon ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ
Hydrocarbons na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ hydrocarbons nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa mgbaaka benzene n'ime nhazi ha. Benzene bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na kemịkalụ organic ma nwee usoro kemịkalụ C6H6.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 4:
Kọwaa ihe mere e ji tinye benzene n'ime otu hydrocarbon na-esi ísì ụtọ ma nye ụfọdụ ihe atụ.
Azịza:
A na-akpọ Benzene hydrocarbon aromatic n'ihi na o nwere usoro mgbanaka kachasị mfe ma kwụsie ike, yana njikọ π nke kesara n'ụzọ zuru oke gburugburu mgbanaka carbon. Nke a na-enye benzene nkwụsi ike karịa hydrocarbon aliphatic. Ihe atụ nke hydrocarbon aromatic ndị ọzọ na-abụghị benzene gụnyere toluene (methylbenzene), xylene (dimethylbenzene), na naphthalene (mgbanaka benzene abụọ ejikọtara ọnụ).
3. Ndị na-eme isomer na Stereoisomers
Isomers bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara ha nwere otu usoro molekul mana ha dị iche iche. Stereoisomers bụ ụdị isomer ebe a na-ahazi atọm dị na molekul n'otu usoro mana ha dị iche na nhazi atọ.
a. Ndị na-emepụta ihe owuwu
Isomers nhazi bụ isomers dị iche n'ụzọ e si hazie atọm ha n'ime agbụ carbon ma ọ bụ mgbanaka.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 5:
Nye isomers nhazi abụọ maka C4H10.
Azịza:
Ihe abụọ e ji arụ ọrụ maka C4H10 bụ:
1. n-Butane (agbụ ígwè kwụ ọtọ): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Isobutane (agbụ ígwè): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. Stereoisomers nke Geometric
Stereoisomerism nke geometric (cis-trans isomerism) na-eme na alkenes ma ọ bụ ogige nwere njikọ abụọ nke na-anaghị atụgharị n'enweghị nsogbu.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 6:
Nye ihe atụ nke stereoisomer geometric maka 2-butene.
Azịza:
Maka 2-butene (C4H8), e nwere stereoisomers abụọ:
1. cis-2-butene, ebe atọm hydrogen abụọ dị n'otu akụkụ nke njikọ abụọ ahụ.
2. trans-2-butene, ebe atọm hydrogen abụọ dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke njikọ abụọ ahụ.
4. Cyclo-Hydrocarbons
Cyclo-hydrocarbons bụ hydrocarbons nke na-emepụta usoro mgbanaka na-enweghị njikọ abụọ ọzọ karịa ndị dị mkpa iji mepụta mgbanaka ahụ.
a. Cycloalkane
Cycloalkanes bụ hydrocarbons cyclic juru eju nke nwere usoro izugbe CnH2n.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 7:
Dee usoro kemịkalụ na aha cycloalkane site na iji atọm carbon isii.
Azịza:
Maka cycloalkane nwere atọm carbon isii (n=6), usoro kemịkalụ bụ C6H12. A maara ihe mejupụtara ya dị ka cyclohexane.
b. Cycloalkenes
Cycloalkenes bụ hydrocarbons cyclic nke na-enweghị afọ ojuju nke nwere njikọ abụọ n'ime mgbanaka ahụ.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 8:
Dee usoro kemịkalụ na aha cycloalkene nwere atọm carbon ise.
Azịza:
Maka cycloalkene nwere atọm carbon ise (n=5), usoro kemịkalụ bụ C5H8. A maara ihe mejupụtara ya dị ka cyclopentene.
Mmechi
Ịghọta nhazi hydrocarbon na ụdị isomers dị iche iche dị mkpa na kemịkalụ organic. Enwere ike ịkekọta hydrocarbons ka ọ bụrụ hydrocarbons aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) na hydrocarbons aromatic. Ọzọkwa, echiche nke isomerism, ma nhazi na stereoisomerism, dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ. Site n'ịrụ ọrụ site na ihe atụ na mkparịta ụka enyere, a na-atụ anya na nghọta miri emi nke ihe a ga-apụta.
Site n'ịghọta nke ọma gbasara nhazi na njirimara nke ụdị hydrocarbon ọ bụla, anyị nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma ojiji na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ metụtara ihe ndị a na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ.
