Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Nhazi Kemịkalụ
Nha nhata kemịkalụ bụ echiche dị mkpa na kemistri nke na-akọwa ọnọdụ ebe ọnụego nke mmeghachi omume n'ihu na nke azụ na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ hà nhata. N'ọnọdụ a, njupụta nke mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide. Isiokwu a ga-enye ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu na ngwọta ha iji nyere aka ịghọta echiche nke nha nhata kemịkalụ.
Echiche Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Nhazi Kemịkalụ
Nhazi kemịkalụ na-eme mgbe mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nwere ike ịga n'ihu n'ụzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ abụọ. Enwere ike igosi mmeghachi omume a na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka ndị a:
\[ \ederede{aA} + \ederede{bB} \rightleftharpoons \ederede{cC} + \ederede{dD} \]
Ebe:
- A na B bụ ihe mmeghachi omume,
- C na D bụ ngwaahịa,
– a, b, c, na d bụ ihe ndị na-egosi stoichiometric nke ihe ọ bụla.
Mgbe e ruru nguzozi, ọnụego mmeghachi omume n'ihu (mmepụta ngwaahịa) hà nhata na ọnụego mmeghachi omume azụ (ịmepụta ihe mmeghachi omume). N'oge a, ọ bụ ezie na mmeghachi omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ dị iche iche, njupụta nke ihe niile ka na-agbanweghi agbanwe.
Nhazi Nhazi (K)
Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe \(K_c\) maka mmeghachi omume dị n'elu dị ka:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[\text{C}]^c [\text{D}]^d}}{{[\text{A}]^a [\text{B}]^b}} \]
Ebe [X] bụ mkpokọta molar nke ihe X. Mgbe a na-eji nrụgide akụkụ na nguzozi gas, a na-egosipụta nguzozi nguzozi dị ka \(K_p\).
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke Nhazi Kemịkalụ
Ajụjụ nke 1: Mmeghachi omume na Data Ntụnye Aka
A na-etinye ọnụọgụ mole 1 nke N₂ na moles 3 nke H₂ n'ime akpa lita 1 n'otu okpomọkụ. Mmeghachi omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu dịka ndị a:
\[ \ederede{N}_2(g) + 3\ederede{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NH}_3(g) \]
Mgbe e ruru nguzozi, a na-ahụ 0,8 mol nke N₂. Gbakọọ nguzozi nguzozi \(K_c\).
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta mgbanwe dị na njupụta:
Na mbụ, ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ ojii bụ:
– \([\text{N}_2]_{initial} = 1 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2]_{mmalite} = 3 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3]_{initial} = 0 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Na nhazi, ọnụọgụ nke ntụpọ:
- \([\ederede {N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ederede {mol/L}\]
Mgbanwe na N₂ = 1 – 0,8 = 0,2 mol/L
2. Mmetụta mgbanwe:
\[
\ederede{N}_2(g) + 3\ederede{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NH}_3(g)
\]
Ya mere, mgbanwe maka H₂ na NH₃:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 \cdot 0,2 = 0,6 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 2 \cdot 0,2 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Nha nha nke mole:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 – 0,6 = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0 + 0,4 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
3. Gbakọọ \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3}
\]
Dochie ụkpụrụ ndị a:
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
- \([\ederede {N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ederede {mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2] = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
\[
K_c = \frac{(0,4)^2}{(0,8)(2,4)^3}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{0,8 \cdot 13,824}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{11,0592}
\ihe dị ka 0,0145
\]
Ajụjụ nke 2: Mmetụta nke Mgbanwe na Ntinye Uche
Ọnụọgụ N₂O₄(g) na-agbaze ghọọ 2NO₂(g) n'ime akpa mechiri emechi. N'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ụfọdụ, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ 0,36. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mbụ N₂O₄(g) bụ 1,0 M ma enweghị NO₂(g) na mbido, gbakọọ ihe NO₂(g) na ihe ahụ.
Azịza:
1. Iji Tebụl ICE:
\[
\malite{hazie}
\text{Mmeghachi omume:} na \ \ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2(g) \\
\text{Mmalite:} na \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{0} = 1.0 \, \text{M}, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{0} = 0 \\
\ederede{Mgbanwe:} na \ \ [\ederede{N}_2\ederede{O}_4]_{eq} = 1.0 – x, \ [\ederede{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x \\
\ngwụcha{hazie}
\]
2. Ijikọ na \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NO}_2]^2}{[\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]}
= \frac{(2x)^2}{1.0 – x}
= \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
3. Kpebie x:
\[
K_c = 0,36
\]
Ya mere, nnọchi anya:
\[
0,36 = \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
Mmụba obe:
\[
0,36(1 – x) = 4x^2
\]
\[
0,36 – 0,36x = 4x^2
\]
Bugharịa ihe niile n'otu akụkụ:
\[
4x^2 + 0,36x – 0,36 = 0
\]
4. Idozi nha nhata anọ:
Jiri usoro quadratic:
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}
\]
Ebe a = 4, b = 0,36 na c = -0,36:
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{(0,36)^2 – 4(4)(-0,36)}}{2(4)}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{0,1296 + 5,76}}{8}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{5,8896}}{8}
\]
Ebe ọ bụ na ntinye uche enweghị ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị mma, anyị na-ahọrọ mgbọrọgwụ dị mma:
\[
x \ihe dị ka 0,36
\]
5. Ngụkọta NO₂:
\[
[\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x = 2 \cdot 0,36 = 0,72 \, \text{M}
\]
Mmechi
Ịghọta nguzozi kemịkalụ dị mkpa iji buru amụma etu sistemụ kemịkalụ ga-esi meghachi omume n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Site n'omume na nghọta zuru oke, anyị nwere ike idozi nsogbu ndị metụtara echiche a, kọwaa ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke sistemụ, ma ghọta mgbanwe nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na sistemụ mechiri emechi. Ịghọta na iji nguzozi nguzozi (K_c) ga-eme ka ọ dịrị mfe ịkọ oke nke ụdị niile dị na sistemụ na nguzozi.
