Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka gbasara Mmụba nke Ngwọta
Pendahuluan
Elu ebe esi esi bụ ihe na-eme mgbe etinyere ihe na-agbaze na ihe na-agbaze. Ihe a na-egosi mmụba nke ebe esi esi nke ihe na-agbaze ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe esi esi nke ihe na-agbaze dị ọcha. Na kemistri, nghọta nke elu ebe esi esi dị oke mkpa, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, usoro nkewa, na nyocha ọgwụ. Isiokwu a na-achọ igosi ihe atụ dị iche iche nke nsogbu na mkparịta ụka metụtara echiche nke elu ebe esi esi.
Isi Ozizi
Elu ebe esi mmiri bụ ihe na-eme ka isi esi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta dị elu karịa isi esi mmiri nke ihe mgbaze dị ọcha. Mgbe etinyere ihe mgbaze (anaghị agbanwe agbanwe) na ihe mgbaze, nrụgide uzuoku nke ihe mgbaze ahụ na-ebelata. N'ihi ya, a chọrọ okpomọkụ dị elu iji nweta otu nrụgide uzuoku ahụ dị ka nrụgide mpụga. Ya mere, isi esi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta ahụ dị elu.
Usoro eji agbakọ elu isi mmiri bụ:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
Ebe:
– \(\Delta T_b\) = elu ebe mmiri na-esi,
– \(K_b\) = ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ebulioscopic (dị iche maka ihe mgbaze ọ bụla),
– \(m\) = molarity nke ngwọta (mole nke solute kwa kilogram nke ihe mgbaze).
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ka anyị tụlee ụfọdụ nsogbu ihe atụ iji ghọta nke ọma echiche a.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1
Ajụjụ: Kedu ka esi agbaze mmiri nke ihe ngwọta nwere mole abụọ nke glucose (\(C_6H_{12}O_6\)) agbazere na 1 kg nke mmiri? A maara na mmiri ebulioscopic na-agbanwe agbanwe (\(K_b\)) bụ 0,512 °C·kg/mol.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta otú ihe ngwọta ahụ si arụ ọrụ:
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles nke solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{2 \; \text{mol}}{1 \; \text{kg}} = 2 \; \text{m} \]
2. Gbakọọ elu isi mmiri site na iji usoro nhazi:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \ugboro 2 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 1.024 °C \]
Ya mere, mmụba nke isi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta ahụ bụ 1.024 °C.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2
Ajụjụ: Gbakọọ elu ebe esi mmiri maka ihe ngwọta nwere 0,3 mol nke NaCl na gram 500 nke mmiri (\(K_b\) mmiri = 0.512 °C·kg/mol). Were ya na NaCl na-ekewapụ kpamkpam na mmiri.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta otú ihe ngwọta ahụ si arụ ọrụ:
\[ \text{Ibu nke ihe mgbaze na kg} = 500 \; \text{g} = 0.5 \; \text{kg} \]
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles nke solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.3 \; \text{mol}}{0.5 \; \text{kg}} = 0.6 \; \text{m} \]
2. Ebe ọ bụ na NaCl na-ekewa n'ime ion \(Na^+\) na \(Cl^-\) ion, ọnụọgụgụ ihe ndị ahụ niile bụ okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụọgụgụ molekul NaCl dị.
\[i = 2 \; (\text{van 't Hoff factor maka NaCl}) \]
3. Gbakọọ elu isi mmiri site na iji usoro nhazi:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \cdot i \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \ugboro 0.6 \; m \ugboro 2 \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.6144 °C \]
Ya mere, mmụba nke isi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta ahụ bụ 0.6144 °C.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 3
Ajụjụ: Gịnị bụ mmụba nke isi mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na agbaze 0.5 mol nke sucrose (\(C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}\)) na kilogram 1.5 nke mmiri? \(K_b\) nke mmiri = 0.512 °C·kg/mol.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta otú ihe ngwọta ahụ si arụ ọrụ:
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles nke solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.5 \; \text{mole}}{1.5 \; \text{kg}} = \frac{0.5}{1.5} \; \text{m} = 0.333 \; \text{m} \]
2. Ebe ọ bụ na sucrose anaghị ekewapụ onwe ya, ihe van 't Hoff factor (\(i\)) bụ 1.
3. Gbakọọ elu isi mmiri site na iji usoro nhazi:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \ugboro 0.333 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.1705 °C \]
Ya mere, mmụba nke isi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta ahụ bụ 0.1705 °C.
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 4
Ajụjụ: Ihe ngwọta e ji 0.25 mol nke urea (\(NH_2CONH_2\)) mee na gram 2000 nke mmiri na-enweta mmụba na ebe esi esi. Gbakọọ mmụba na ebe esi esi. \(K_b\) maka mmiri bụ 0.512 °C·kg/mol.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta otú ihe ngwọta ahụ si arụ ọrụ:
\[ \text{Ibu nke ihe mgbaze na kg} = 2000 \; \text{g} = 2 \; \text{kg} \]
\[ m = \frac{\text{moles nke solute}}{\text{kg solvent}} = \frac{0.25 \; \text{mol}}{2 \; \text{kg}} = 0.125 \; \text{m} \]
2. Ebe ọ bụ na urea anaghị ekewapụ onwe ya n'ime mmiri, ihe van 't Hoff factor (\(i\)) bụ 1.
3. Gbakọọ elu isi mmiri site na iji usoro nhazi:
\[ \Delta T_b = K_b \cdot m \]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.512 \; °C·kg/mol \ugboro 0.125 \; m\]
\[ \Delta T_b = 0.064 \; °C\]
Ya mere, mmụba nke isi mmiri nke ihe ngwọta ahụ bụ 0.064 °C.
Mmechi
Elu ebe a na-esi esi ...
