Ihe Nlereanya nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka Kalorimetry
Na fiziki, calorimetry bụ ngalaba sayensị nke na-amụ nha okpomọkụ na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe anụ ahụ. A na-akpọ ngwa eji atụ oke okpomọkụ calorimeter. Calorimetry na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa, ọkachasị na thermodynamics na kemistri anụ ahụ, ebe a na-ahụ ma na-atụ mgbanwe na ike okpomọkụ.
Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Calorimetry
Isi ihe dị na calorimetry dabere na iwu nchekwa ike, ya bụ na ike agaghị emepụta ma ọ bụ bibie, kama enwere ike ịgbanwe ya naanị site n'otu ụdị ike gaa na nke ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara calorimetry, ike okpomọkụ nke sistemụ furu efu ga-aha nhata ike okpomọkụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-amịkọrọ. Ngwa ọrụ bụ isi na nnwale calorimetry na-abụkarị calorimetry, nke nwere ike ịbụ calorimeter dị mfe, ya bụ calorimeter mmiri, ma ọ bụ calorimeter dị mgbagwoju anya karị, dị ka calorimeter bọmbụ.
Usoro Kalorimetry Dị Mkpa
Usoro bụ isi nke kalorimetry bụ:
\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \]
Ebe:
– \( Q \) bụ oke okpomọkụ (na joules ma ọ bụ kalori)
– \( m \) bụ oke nke ihe ahụ (na gram ma ọ bụ kilogram)
– \(c \) bụ okpomọkụ kpọmkwem nke ihe ahụ (na J/(g°C) ma ọ bụ cal/(g°C))
– \( \Delta T \) bụ mgbanwe na okpomọkụ (na °C)
Ka anyị leba anya n'ụfọdụ ajụjụ na mkparịta ụka iji ghọta nke ọma echiche na ojiji nke kalori.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya nke 1
Ajụjụ:
A na-ekpo ọkụ otu iberibe ígwè gram 200 ruo 100°C wee mikpuo ya na gram 100 nke mmiri na 20°C. Okpomọkụ ikpeazụ nke ngwakọta ahụ bụ 27°C. Chọpụta okpomọkụ kpọmkwem nke ígwè ahụ! (okpomọkụ kpọmkwem nke mmiri = 4,18 J/(g°C))
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ ịgbakọ okpomọkụ mmiri na-amịkọrọ. Site na iji usoro bụ isi:
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{air}} \]
Na \( m_{\text{air}} = 100 \) gram, \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \) J/(g°C), na \( \Delta T_{\text{air}} = 27°C – 20°C = 7°C \),
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 100 \ugboro 4.18 \ugboro 7 = 2926 \text{ J} \]
Okpomọkụ nke ígwè ahụ na-ewepụta yiri nke ahụ na okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-amịkọrọ, ya mere:
\[ Q_{\text{metal}} = 2926 \text{ J} \]
Iji usoro okpomọkụ:
\[ m_{\text{metal}} \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{metal}} = Q_{\text{metal}} \]
na \( m_{\text{metal}} = 200 \) gram, \(\Delta T_{\text{metal}} = 100°C – 27°C = 73°C \),
\[ 200 \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot 73 = 2926 \text{ J} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = \frac{2926}{200 \times 73} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = 0.2 \text{ J/(g°C)} \]
Ya mere, okpomọkụ kpọmkwem nke ígwè bụ 0.2 J/(g°C).
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya nke 2
Ajụjụ:
A na-etinye otu ice nwere oke 50 g na okpomọkụ 0°C n'ime 200 g mmiri na okpomọkụ 30°C na kalorimeter. Chọpụta okpomọkụ ikpeazụ nke ngwakọta ahụ mgbe o ruru nguzozi okpomọkụ! (okpomọkụ nke ngwakọta nke ice = 334 J/g, okpomọkụ mmiri kpọmkwem = 4,18 J/g°C)
Azịza:
Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ ịgbakọ okpomọkụ achọrọ iji gbazee ice:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot L \]
na \( m_{\text{es}} = 50 \) gram na \( L = 334 \) J/g,
\[ Q_{\text{melting}} = 50 \ugboro 334 = 16700 \text{ J} \]
Na-esote, chọta okpomọkụ nke ice na-amịkọrọ mgbe agbazechara iji ruo okpomọkụ ikpeazụ \(T \) (ma ọ bụrụ na T bụ okpomọkụ ikpeazụ nke ngwakọta ahụ):
\[ Q_{\text{mmiri oyi}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (T – 0°C) \]
na \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \text{ J/g°C} \),
\[ Q_{\text{mmiri ice}} = 50 \ugboro 4.18 \ugboro T \]
Okpomọkụ mmiri oyi na-ewepụta (site na 30°C ruo T):
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (30°C – T) \]
na \( m_{\text{air}} = gram 200,
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 200 \ugboro 4.18 \ugboro (30 – T) \]
N'ihe gbasara nhazi okpomọkụ, oke okpomọkụ nke ice na-amịkọrọ (iji gbazee ma kpoo ọkụ ruo T) ga-aha nhata oke okpomọkụ nke mmiri na-ewepụta:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} + Q_{\text{ice water}} = Q_{\text{water}} \]
\[ 16700 + 50 \ugboro 4.18 \ugboro T = 200 \ugboro 4.18 \ugboro (30 - T) \]
\[ 16700 + 209T = 8360 \ugboro (30 – T) \]
\[ 16700 + 209T = 250800 - 8360T \]
\[ 8569T = 234100 \]
\[ T = \frac{234100}{8569} \ihe dị ka 27.3°C \]
Ya mere, okpomọkụ ikpeazụ nke ngwakọta ahụ mgbe o ruru nguzozi okpomọkụ bụ ihe dị ka 27.3°C.
Mmechi
Calorimetry bụ usoro dị mkpa na fiziki na kemistri eji achọpụta oke ike okpomọkụ n'usoro anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ. Site na iji ụkpụrụ na usoro nke calorimetry bụ isi, anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ paramita dị iche iche dịka okpomọkụ kpọmkwem nke ihe, mgbanwe na okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ ike a na-amịkọrọ/ewepụta n'usoro. N'isiokwu a, anyị elelela ihe atụ nke nsogbu na ngwọta ha n'ihe gbasara nghọta calorimetry. Nghọta dị mma nke echiche ndị a dị mkpa maka idozi nsogbu thermodynamic dị iche iche na ngwa ndị ọzọ bara uru.
