Ihe Nlereanya nke Ajụjụ Mkparịta ụka Infrared
Pendahuluan
Infrared bụ ụdị ebili mmiri elektrọnik nke nwere ogologo ebili karịa ìhè a na-ahụ anya mana ọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ebili mmiri redio. Ebili mmiri infrared nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, site na teknụzụ na ọgwụ ruo na nkwukọrịta na nchekwa. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ metụtara infrared na nkọwa ha iji nye nghọta miri emi nke echiche a.
Isi Ozizi Infrared
Infrared nwere ogologo ebili mmiri dị site na nanomita 700 (nm) ruo 1 millimita (mm). William Herschel chọpụtara ogologo ebili mmiri a na 1800 mgbe ọ na-eme nnwale iji tụọ okpomọkụ nke agba dị iche iche na spectrum ìhè. Ọ chọpụtara na mpaghara ndị dị n'èzí spectrum uhie, nke anya mmadụ na-apụghị ịhụ, nwere okpomọkụ dị elu.
A na-ekewa infrared n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị dabere na ogologo oge ya:
1. N'ime Infrared Dị Nso (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. Infrared dị n'etiti (Etiti Infrared, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. Infrared dị anya (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Ngwaọrụ dịka igwefoto infrared ma ọ bụ thermography, njikwa anya, na nkwukọrịta fiber-optic na-eji teknụzụ infrared eme ihe dị iche iche. Enwere ike iji ìhè infrared nyochaa ihe mejupụtara ihe site na infrared spectroscopy.
Ajụjụ na Mkparịta ụka Ihe Nlereanya
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Ajụjụ:
Ihe eji emegharị TV na-eji infrared ezipụ ozi na TV. Ọ bụrụ na ogologo ebili mmiri nke infrared ejiri mee ihe bụ 950 nm na ọsọ nke ìhè bụ \(ugboro 3 10^8 \) m/s, kedu ugboro ole ebili mmiri infrared ahụ na-eme?
Azịza:
Enwere ike ịgbakọ ugboro ole ebili mmiri elektrọnik site na iji usoro bụ isi nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogologo ebili mmiri (\(\lambda\)) na ugboro ole (f):
\[f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
na:
– \( f \) = ugboro ole (Hz)
– \( c \) = ọsọ nke ìhè (\(ugboro 3 10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = ogologo ebili mmiri (m)
N'ajụjụ a, a na-enye ogologo ebili mmiri (\(\lambda\)) na nanometers (nm), yabụ mgbanwe gaa na mita (m) dị mkpa:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \ugboro 10^{-9} \, m \]
Ugbu a, anyị na-eji usoro a dochie ụkpụrụ ndị a:
\[ f = \frac{3 \ugboro 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \ugboro 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \ugboro 10^{14} Hz \]
Ya mere, ugboro ole nke ebili mmiri infrared bụ Hz (3.16 ugboro 10^{14}).
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Ajụjụ:
A na-eji igwefoto infrared achọpụta radieshon okpomọkụ sitere na ihe. Igwefoto ahụ nwere ihe nchọpụta nke na-enwe mmetụta na ogologo ebili mmiri dị n'etiti micromita 8 (µm) na 14 µm. Kedu ugboro ole radieshon ka igwefoto ahụ nwere ike ịchọpụta?
Azịza:
Iji gbakọọ ugboro kachasị na nke kacha nta, anyị na-eji otu usoro ahụ dịka ọ dị na ajụjụ gara aga:
\[f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Nke mbụ, tụgharịa ogologo ebili mmiri site na micromita (µm) gaa na mita (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m \]
Ugbu a gbakọọ ugboro kachasị (\( f_{max} \)) na ugboro kacha nta (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \ugboro 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \ugboro 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \ugboro 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \ugboro 10^{13} Hz \]
Ya mere, oke ugboro ole igwefoto infrared nwere ike ịchọpụta bụ Hz ruo Hz (3.75 ugboro 10^{13}) Hz.
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Ajụjụ:
Ihe na-ewepụta radieshon infrared nwere ike kachasị na ogologo ebili mmiri nke 10 µm. Dabere na iwu mwepụ Wien, chọpụta okpomọkụ nke ihe ahụ. Jiri Wien's constant (\(b\)) nke \(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Azịza:
Iwu mwepụ Wien kwuru na ngwaahịa nke ogologo ebili mmiri nke oke ike radieshon na-eme (\(\lambda_{max}\)) na oke okpomọkụ zuru oke (T) nke ihe ahụ bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
na:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = ogologo ebili mmiri nke ike kachasị elu (m)
– T = okpomọkụ ihe (K)
– \(b\) = Mgbanwe Wien (\(2.898 \ugboro 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
A maara na \(\lambda_{max}\) bụ 10 µm, nke kwesịrị ịtụgharị ka ọ bụrụ mita:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m \]
Ugbu a, tinye ụkpụrụ ndị a n'ime usoro:
\[ 10 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \ugboro 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Ngwọta maka T bụ:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \ugboro 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Ya mere, okpomọkụ nke ihe ahụ bụ 289.8 K.
Ajụjụ nke Atọ
Ajụjụ:
Ị na-ahụ ihe dị iche iche nke ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ organic nke infrared spectrum wee hụ oke mmiri mmiri na 3 µm. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji infrared spectroscopy, kedu ụdị njikọ kemịkalụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara oke mmiri a?
Azịza:
Infrared spectroscopy na-eji eziokwu ahụ bụ na molekul kemịkalụ na-amịkọrọ ebili mmiri infrared na ebili mmiri kpọmkwem nke kwekọrọ na ugboro mkpọtụ dị n'ime nke molekul. Enwere ike ijikọ ebili mmiri infrared kpọmkwem na ụdị njikọ kemịkalụ ụfọdụ:
– Njikọ CH dị na ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-amịkọrọkarị na ebili mmiri dị ihe dịka 3 µm.
– Njikọ OH dị na alcohols na carboxylic acid na-amịkọrọkarị ihe dịka 2.7-3.5 µm.
– Njikọ NH dị na amine na-amịkọrọkarị ihe dịka 3.1-3.3 µm.
Site na ozi enyere, oke mmịpụta mmiri na 3 µm nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkpọtụ CH.
Ya mere, ikekwe ihe na-akpata oke mmịpụta na 3 µm bụ njikọ CH dị na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ organic.
Mmechi
N'isiokwu a, anyị atụleela ọtụtụ nsogbu na mkparịta ụka gbasara ebili mmiri infrared. Site na ihe atụ ndị a, anyị nwere ike ịghọtakwu echiche ndị bụ isi nke ugboro ole, ogologo oge, na okpomọkụ n'ihe gbasara radieshon infrared, yana ojiji ha na spectroscopy. Infrared bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụdị elektrọnik ma nwee ọtụtụ ngwa n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, yabụ ịmụ ya nwere ike inye nghọta bara uru na ihe ndị sitere n'okike na teknụzụ.
