Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-atụle Ihe Ndị Na-emetụta Ọnụego Mmeghachi Omume
Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ bụ mgbanwe nke atọm ma ọ bụ molekul nke a na-ahụ site na mgbanwe ike na mgbanwe na ọkwa ike. N'omume, ọnụego mmeghachi omume na-akọwa otu ndị na-emeghachi omume si agbanwe ngwa ngwa gaa na ngwaahịa. Ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ọnụego mmeghachi omume, gụnyere ntinye uche, okpomọkụ, nrụgide (maka mmeghachi omume gas), mpaghara elu, na ọnụnọ nke ihe na-akpali akpali. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ihe atụ nsogbu metụtara ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụego mmeghachi omume na nkọwa zuru ezu.
Ihe Ndị Na-emetụta Ọkwa Mmeghachi Omume
1. Ntinye uche nke ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume
2. Okpomọkụ
3. Nrụgide
4. Mpaghara Elu
5. Ihe mkpali
1. Ntinye uche nke ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 1:
Mmeghachi omume enyere:
A + B → AB
Ọ bụrụ na e nyere njupụta nke [A] = 0,5 M na [B] = 0,5 M, a na-enyekwa ọnụego mmeghachi omume mbụ site na ọnụego = k[A][B]. Kedu ihe ga-abụ ọnụego mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụrụ na njupụta nke A amụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 1 M ebe [B] ka dị na 0,5 M?
Azịza:
Usoro ọnụego mmeghachi omume:
\[ \text{Ọnụego} = k[A][B] \]
Ọnụego mbụ:
\[ \text{Ọnụego}_{\text{mmalite}} = k[0,5][0,5] = 0,25k \]
Mgbe njupụta nke A ghọrọ 1 M:
\[ \text{Ọnụego}_{\text{ọhụrụ}} = k[1][0,5] = 0,5k \]
Ntụnyere ọnụego:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}_{\text{new}}}{\text{Rate}_{\text{initial}}} = \frac{0,5k}{0,25k} = 2 \]
Ya mere, ọnụego mmeghachi omume ọhụrụ ahụ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụego mmeghachi omume mbụ.
2. Okpomọkụ
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 2:
Otu ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ọgwụ kwuru na ọnụego mmeghachi omume maka usoro kemịkalụ na-abawanye site na 0,5 mol/L/s ruo 2 mol/L/s mgbe okpomọkụ na-arị elu site na 300 K ruo 320 K. Gịnị bụ ihe na-akpata mmụba, dabere na iwu Arrhenius?
Azịza:
Iwu Arrhenius kwuru na:
\[ \text{Ọnụego} = Ae^{-\frac{E_a}{RT}} \]
Ịbawanye okpomọkụ na-eme ka ihe dị na ngosipụta Arrhenius belata, ya mere ọnụego mmeghachi omume na-abawanye. N'okwu a, ihe na-akpata mmụba bụ:
\[ \frac{\text{Rate}\ \text{at}\ 320\ K}{\text{Rate}\ \text{at}\ 300\ K} = \frac{2\ mol/L/s}{0,5\ mol/L/s} = 4 \]
Ya mere, ihe na-eme ka ọnụego mmeghachi omume dịkwuo elu bụ ugboro anọ.
3. Nrụgide
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 3:
Maka mmeghachi omume gas:
\[ \ederede{2NO}(g) + \ederede{O}_2(g) → \ederede{2NO}_2(g) \]
Ọ bụrụ na nrụgide zuru oke amụba site na 1 atm ruo 2 atm na olu na-agbanwe agbanwe, kedu ka ọ ga-esi metụta ọnụego mmeghachi omume?
Azịza:
N'ime mmeghachi omume gas, nrụgide na-adabara kpọmkwem na njupụta. Ịbawanye nrụgide na-eme ka njupụta nke gas ọ bụla dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka ọnụego mmeghachi omume dịkwuo elu. Ọ bụrụ na a na-edozi nrụgide ahụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ, ọnụego mmeghachi omume na-abawanye ka nrụgide na-aga n'ihu:
\[ \text{Ọnụego}_{\text{ọhụrụ}} = k[2NO]^2[O_2] \]
Ka nrụgide na-arị elu, njupụta nke NO na O2 ga-amụba okpukpu abụọ, yabụ ọnụego mmeghachi omume ga-abawanye site na:
\[ \text{Ọnụego}_{\text{ọhụrụ}} = k[2NO]^2[2O_2] = k(2[NO])^2 (2[O_2]) = 4k[NO]^2[O_2] \]
Ya mere, ọnụego mmeghachi omume na-abawanye site na ugboro anọ.
4. Mpaghara Elu
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 4:
Mgbe etinyere Zn siri ike na mmiri HCl, mmeghachi omume nke gas H2 na-eme ngwa ngwa mgbe a gweri Zn ka ọ bụrụ ntụ karịa mgbe ọ dị n'ụdị mmanya Zn. Gịnị kpatara nke ahụ?
Azịza:
Ịba ụba nke elu nke ihe ndị siri ike na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ịsọ mpi na elu Zn siri ike na-abawanye. Mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti Zn na HCl bụ:
\[ \ederede{Zn}(s) + 2\ederede{HCl}(aq) → \ederede{ZnCl}_2(aq) + \ederede{H}_2(g) \]
Mgbe Zn dị n'ụdị ntụ ntụ, elu kọntaktị dị n'etiti Zn na HCl buru ibu ma e jiri ya tụnyere Zn n'ụdị mmanya, si otú a na-amụba ọnụego mmeghachi omume site na ebe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nsogbu.
5. Ihe mkpali
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 5:
Kọwaa ọdịiche dị na ọnụego mmeghachi omume maka mmebi nke hydrogen peroxide na na-enweghị ihe mkpali (Manganese dioxide, MnO2).
\[ \ederede{2H}_2\ederede{O}_2(aq) → 2\text{H}_2\text{O}(l) + \ederede{O}_2(g) \]
Azịza:
Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe na-akpali akpali, mmebi nke hydrogen peroxide na-adị nwayọ n'ihi ike mkpali dị elu. Agbanyeghị, site na ihe na-akpali akpali MnO2, ike mkpali na-ebelata nke ukwuu. MnO2 anaghị emeghachi omume mgbe niile na mmeghachi omume ahụ, kama ọ na-enye ụzọ ọzọ (usoro mmeghachi omume) yana ike mkpali dị ala, na-eme ka ọnụego mmeghachi omume dịkwuo ngwa ngwa.
Na ihe mkpali:
– Ọnụọgụ mmeghachi omume na-abawanye n'ihi na ike achọrọ dị ala.
– Mmeghachi omume na-agbanwe mana mmepụta ngwaahịa ahụ ka dị otu.
Ihe ndị na-akpali akpali na-ekwe ka ugboro mgbawa dị irè mụbaa n'enweghị mgbanwe thermodynamics nke mmeghachi omume ahụ.
Mmechi
Ọtụtụ ihe na-emetụta ọnụego mmeghachi omume, gụnyere ntinye nke mmeghachi omume, okpomọkụ, nrụgide, karịsịa na mmeghachi omume gas, mpaghara elu na ihe siri ike, na ọnụnọ nke ihe mkpali. Ntinye uche kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na ọnụego mmeghachi omume; okpomọkụ na-emetụta ike kinetic nke ndị mmeghachi omume; nrụgide na-emetụta mmeghachi omume gas site na ntinye gas; mpaghara elu na-emetụta mpaghara mgbawa; na ihe mkpali na-eme ka ọnụego dịkwuo ngwa ngwa site na ibelata ike mkpali. Ịghọta ihe ndị a dị mkpa maka ijikwa ọnụego mmeghachi omume na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na nyocha ụlọ nyocha.
