Ihe atụ nke Ajụjụ Ike Ọdụ Eletriki
Ike nke ubi eletriki bụ echiche dị mkpa na fiziki nke na-akọwa ike nke ubi eletriki n'otu ebe kpọmkwem na mbara igwe. A na-emepụta ubi eletriki site na chajị eletriki ma nwee ike imetụta chajị ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ubi ahụ. Iji ghọta echiche a nke ọma, ka anyị leba anya n'ụfọdụ nsogbu metụtara ike nke ubi eletriki na otu esi edozi ha.
Isi ihe dị mkpa nke Ọdụ Eletriki
Tupu anyị abanye n'ihe atụ ndị a, ka anyị leba anya ntakịrị gbasara echiche bụ isi nke ubi eletriki. Ike ubi eletriki (\(E\)) n'otu ebe n'ime oghere ka a na-akọwa dị ka ike (\(F\)) kwa chajị otu (\(q\)) nke obere chajị nnwale na-enweta n'oge ahụ:
\[ E = \frac{F}{q} \]
Ebe:
– \(E\) bụ ike ọkụ eletrik (N/C ma ọ bụ V/m),
– \(F\) bụ ike eletrik nke chajị (N) na-enweta,
– \(q\) bụ oke nke chajị ule (C).
Ọ bụrụ na isi iyi nke ubi eletriki bụ chajị isi \(Q\), mgbe ahụ ike ubi eletriki dị n'ebe dị anya \(r\) site na chajị ahụ ka a na-enye site na nha nhata:
\[ E = \frac{k \cdot |Q|}{r^2} \]
Ebe:
– \(k\) bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Coulomb (\(8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N m}^2/\text{C}^2\)),
– \(Q\) bụ ụgwọ isi mmalite (C),
– \(r\) bụ anya site na chaja isi mmalite ruo ebe a na-ahụ anya (m).
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 1: Ubi Eletriki site na Charge Point
Ajụjụ: A na-etinye chajị \(Q\) nke \(5 \ugboro 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) na mmalite (0,0). Gbakọọ ike ọkụ eletrik n'ebe dị anya nke mita 2 site na chajị ahụ.
Ngwọta:
Site na nha nhata ubi eletriki site na chajị isi, anyị nwere ike ịgbakọ ike ubi eletriki dịka ndị a:
\[ E = \frac{k \cdot |Q|}{r^2} \]
Tinye ụkpụrụ nke \(k\), \(Q\), na \(r\):
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \ugboro 10^9 \ugboro 5 \ugboro 10^{-6}}{2^2} \]
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \ugboro 10^9 \ugboro 5 \ugboro 10^{-6}}{4} \]
\[ E = \frac{44.95 \ugboro 10^3}{4} \]
\[ E = 11.2375 \ugboro 10^3 \]
\[ E = 11,237.5 \, \ederede{N/C} \]
Ya mere, ike ọkụ eletrik n'ebe dị anya nke mita 2 site na chajị bụ \(11,237.5 \, \text{N/C}\).
Ihe atụ nke abụọ: Nnọchianya nke Ọdụ Eletriki
Ajụjụ: A na-etinye chajị abụọ, \(Q_1 = 4 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) na \(Q_2 = -3 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) n'ebe dị anya mita 3 site na ibe ha. Gbakọọ ike ọkụ eletrik n'etiti chajị abụọ ahụ.
Ngwọta:
Nke mbụ, anyị na-agbakọ ọkụ eletrik nke chajị ọ bụla mepụtara n'etiti.
Maka ụgwọ \(Q_1\):
\[ r_1 = \frac{3}{2} = 1.5 \, \text{m} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{k \cdot |Q_1|}{r_1^2} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{8.99 \ugboro 10^9 \ugboro 4 \ugboro 10^{-6}}{1.5^2} \]
\[ E_1 = \frac{35.96 \ugboro 10^3}{2.25} \]
\[ E_1 = 15.9822 \ugboro 10^3 \]
\[ E_1 = 15,982.2 \, ederede {N/C} \]
Maka ụgwọ \(Q_2\):
\[ r_2 = 1.5 \, \ederede{m} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{k \cdot |Q_2|}{r_2^2} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{8.99 \ugboro 10^9 \ugboro 3 \ugboro 10^{-6}}{1.5^2} \]
\[ E_2 = \frac{26.97 \ugboro 10^3}{2.25} \]
\[ E_2 = 11.9822 \ugboro 10^3 \]
\[ E_2 = 11,982.2 \, ederede {N/C} \]
Ebe ọ bụ na \(Q_1\) dị mma ma \(Q_2\) dị njọ, oghere eletrik ha n'etiti ga-apụ n'anya ibe ha. Ya mere, anyị na-agbakwụnye oghere eletrik abụọ ahụ:
\[ E = E_1 + E_2 \]
\[ E = 15,982.2 + 11,982.2 \]
\[ E = 27,964.4 \, \ederede{N/C} \]
Ya mere, ike ọkụ eletrik dị n'etiti chajị abụọ ahụ bụ \(27,964.4 \, \text{N/C}\).
Ihe atụ nke 3: Ubi eletriki site na Dipole
Ajụjụ: Dọpọl eletriki nwere chajị abụọ \(\pm 4 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{C}\) nke dị 1 cm iche. Gbakọọ ike ubi eletriki na isi 1 mita site na etiti dipole na axis nke dipole.
Ngwọta:
A na-enye ike ọkụ eletrik n'akụkụ axis nke dipole (maka anya buru ibu nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere anya dị n'etiti chaja dipole) site na:
\[ E = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \cdot \frac{2p}{r^3} \]
Ebe \(p\) bụ oge dipole eletriki (\(p = q \cdot d\)), \(d\) bụ anya dị n'etiti chajị dipole, na \(r\) bụ anya dị site n'etiti dipole ruo ebe a na-ahụ anya.
Nke mbụ, gbakọọ oge dipole:
\[p = q \cdot d \]
\[ p = ugboro anọ 10^{-6} \cdot 0.01 \]
\[p = ugboro anọ 10^{-8} \, \ederede{C m} \]
Mgbe ahụ, gbakọọ ike nke ubi eletrik:
\[ E = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \cdot \frac{2p}{r^3} \]
\[ E = \frac{8.99 \ugboro 10^9}{1} \cdot \frac{2 \ugboro 4 \ugboro 10^{-8}}{1^3} \]
\[ E = 8.99 \ugboro 10^9 \cdot 8 \ugboro 10^{-8} \]
\[ E = 7.192 \ugboro 10^2 \]
\[ E = 719.2 \, \ederede{N/C} \]
Ya mere, ike ọkụ eletrik n'otu ebe dị mita 1 site na etiti dipole na axis dipole bụ \(719.2 \, \text{N/C}\).
Mmechi
Ịghọta ike ubi eletrik dị oke mkpa na fiziki na ojiji ya. Nsogbu ihe atụ ndị dị n'elu na-egosi otu esi eji ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ubi eletrik agbakọọ ike ubi na nhazi chajị dị iche iche. Nsogbu omume dịka ndị a na-enyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịghọta echiche na itinye iwu Coulomb na superposition nke ubi eletrik. Site n'ịghọta na ime ọtụtụ nsogbu, anyị nwere ike ime ka nghọta anyị banyere mmekọrịta eletriki dị na sistemụ dị iche iche dịkwuo omimi.
