Fiziks nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị

Ihe Entropy

N'okwu anyị gara aga, anyị mụrụ ọtụtụ nkwupụta kpọmkwem nke iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na nkwupụta ndị a kpọmkwem nwere ike ịkọwa naanị usoro ụfọdụ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Nkwupụta Clausius na-akọwa naanị nnyefe okpomọkụ na mmekọrịta ya na ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke friji. Nkwupụta Kelvin na Planck metụtara ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke injin okpomọkụ . N'ụzọ bụ isi, nkwupụta abụọ a metụtara nnyefe okpomọkụ. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe nke a na-apụghị ịkọwa site na iji nkwupụta abụọ a.

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Edemede gbasara igwe friji

Refriji bụ injin okpomọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ. Ya mere, injin okpomọkụ na-ewere okpomọkụ site na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala ma jụ ya gaa na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị elu. Ka usoro a wee mee, injin ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, okpomọkụ na-esi naanị mpaghara okpomọkụ dị elu na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala. Okpomọkụ enweghị ike ịgba ọsọ n'onwe ya site na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala gaa na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị elu. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkwupụta Clausius a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ. Maka usoro nke na-eme na friji, enwere ike ide nkwupụta Clausius gara aga dị ka ndị a:

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Isiokwu gbasara okirikiri injin Carnot

Iji chọpụta otu esi eme ka injin okpomọkụ dịkwuo mma, otu ọkà mmụta sayensị France aha ya bụ Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) mụrụ injin okpomọkụ zuru oke n'usoro ihe ọmụmụ na 1824. N'oge ahụ, e mebeghị iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics, ọ bụghịkwa iwu nke abụọ nke thermodynamics. E mebeghị iwu mbụ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị na okpomọkụ bụ ike. Mgbe Joule na ndị enyi ya mere nnwale na 1830s, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị maara naanị na okpomọkụ bụ ike a na-ebufe n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ya mere, e mepụtara iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics mgbe 1830 gasịrị. Sadi Carnot amụọla injin okpomọkụ zuru oke n'usoro ihe ọmụmụ na 1824. Nnyocha o mere bụ n'ezie ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke injin steam nke e ji eme ihe n'oge ahụ. Ọtụtụ injin steam n'oge ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

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Isiokwu gbasara Iwu nke Abụọ nke Thermodynamics

Usoro niile sitere n'okike na-eme n'otu ụzọ naanị mana ha enweghị ike ime n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị usoro a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ha n'osisi ya ma daa n'ala kpamkpam, mango agaghị aga elu ọzọ. Akwụkwọ anyị na-akwali ma kwụsị agaghị agaghachi n'ebe anyị nọ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị emetụ ihe dị elu (ihe dị ọkụ) aka na ihe dị ala (ihe oyi), okpomọkụ na-esi n'ihe dị elu na-asọpụta gaa na ihe dị ala. Anyị anaghị ahụ usoro azụ, ebe okpomọkụ na-esi n'ihe oyi na-agagharị gaa na ihe dị ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na usoro a emee, mgbe ahụ ihe oyi ga-ajụ oyi, ebe ihe dị ọkụ ga-adị ọkụ karị. Mana n'eziokwu, ọ bụghị otú ahụ ka ọ dị. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe nke yiri ka ọ dị iche na ibe ha, mana ha niile gụnyere mgbanwe n'ụdị ike na mbufe ike site n'otu ihe gaa na nke ọzọ.

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Isiokwu gbasara itinye Iwu Mbụ nke Thermodynamics n'ọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro Thermodynamic

Na mbụ, anyị tụlere Iwu Mbụ nke Thermodynamics ma nyochaa ọrụ nke sistemụ rụrụ. N'oge a, anyị ga-enyocha ụfọdụ ojiji nke Iwu Mbụ nke Thermodynamics na usoro thermodynamic anọ. Usoro thermodynamic anọ a na-ekwu okwu ya bụ isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, na adiabatic. Okwu ndị a sitere na Grik.

Usoro Isothermal (okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide)

Nke mbụ, ka anyị lelee ojiji nke iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics na usoro isothermal. N'ime usoro isothermal, a na-eme ka okpomọkụ nke sistemụ ahụ dịgide. Sistemụ anyị na-enyocha n'ụzọ echiche bụ gas zuru oke. Okpomọkụ nke gas zuru oke kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na ike dị n'ime nke gas zuru oke (U = 3/2 nRT). Ebe ọ bụ na T na-anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe, U na-anọgidekwa na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ya mere, mgbe etinyere ya na usoro isothermal, nha maka iwu mbụ nke thermodynamics na-aghọ:

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Isiokwu gbasara Iwu Nchekwa Ike

Ụdị ike

N'ime ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ike. N'okwu ọrụ na ike, ewebatala anyị n'ụdị ike mekaniki abụọ: ike nwere ike na ike kinetic . Ike nwere ike nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, gụnyere ike ndọda, ike elastic, na ike eletriki . Ike kinetic nwere ụdị abụọ: ike kinetic ntụgharị na ike kinetic ntụgharị.

Mango dị ụtọ ma chara acha nwere ike ndọda ka ọ na-akwụkwasị n'osisi ya. Otu ihe ahụ na-eme mgbe ị nọ n'elu ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'elu ụlọ. Ihe nwere ike ndọda n'ihi ọnọdụ ya n'ebe ụwa dị.

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Iwu Mbụ nke Ihe E Ji Eme Ihe nke Thermodynamics

Usoro Thermodynamic

Okpomọkụ (Q) bụ ike nke na-esi n'otu ihe gaa na nke ọzọ n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Banyere sistemụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, a pụrụ ikwu na okpomọkụ bụ ike nke na-esi na sistemụ gaa na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ike nke na-esi na gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ sistemụ ahụ dị elu karịa okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi, okpomọkụ ga-esi na sistemụ gaa na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu karịa okpomọkụ sistemụ ahụ, okpomọkụ ga-esi na gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ ahụ.

Ọ bụrụ na Okpomọkụ (Q) metụtara nnyefe ike n'ihi ọdịiche okpomọkụ, mgbe ahụ Ọrụ (W) metụtara nnyefe ike nke na-eme site na usoro igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na sistemụ arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mgbe ahụ ike ga-esi na sistemụ ahụ gaa na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agagharị na akpaghị aka. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi arụ ọrụ na sistemụ ahụ, mgbe ahụ ike ga-esi na gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na sistemụ ahụ.

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Ihe atụ 9 nke ajụjụ njupụta

1. Olu ihe dị sentimita asatọ n'obosara na sentimita ^{atọ n'obosara} , ibu ya dịkwa kilogram iri asatọ na anọ, ya mere njupụta ya dị...

A. 10,5 gr/cm ³

B. 8,5 gr/cm ³

C. 6,4 gr/cm ³

D. 4,8 gr/cm ³

Mkparịta ụka

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Ihe atụ iri na anọ nke nsogbu dị na ime magnet

1. Ime magnet site n'ịcha ya bụ...

Mkparịta ụka
A na-eme magnetization site na ịpịcha site na ịpịcha magnet na ihe a ga-etinye magnet, ebe a na-etinye ihe ahụ n'otu ụzọ. Ogidi ndị e guzobere na ihe magnetized dabere na ogidi nke magnet ejiri mee ịpịcha. Ọ bụrụ na ogidi nke magnet ejiri mee ịpịcha bụ ogidi ugwu, mgbe ahụ njedebe nke ihe a na-etinyecha na-aghọ ogidi ndịda. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ogidi nke magnet ejiri mee ịpịcha bụ ogidi ndịda, mgbe ahụ njedebe nke ihe a na-etinyecha na-aghọ ogidi ugwu.
Azịza ziri ezi bụ C.

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Isiokwu gbasara iwu gas kacha mma (Nha nhata nke ọnọdụ gas kacha mma)

Iwu gas, gụnyere iwu Boyle, iwu Charles, na iwu Gay-Lussac , anaghị emetụta ọnọdụ gas niile, na-eme ka nyocha anyị sie ike karị. Iji mee ka nyocha ahụ dị mfe, a na-emepụta ụdị gas zuru oke. Enweghị gas zuru oke na ndụ kwa ụbọchị; ha bụ naanị ụdị zuru oke e kere iji mee ka nyocha dị mfe. Echiche nke gas zuru oke na-enyekwara anyị aka nke ukwuu n'inyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iwu gas atọ ahụ.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu na nrụgide nke gas

Site n'izo aka na iwu gas atọ dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ịchọta mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti okpomọkụ, olu na nrụgide nke gas.

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