Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmebi nke Osisi
Mmebi nke osisi bụ mkpokọta usoro kemịkalụ niile na-eme n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ osisi iji nọgide na-enwe ndụ, uto, na mmepe. Usoro a gụnyere metabolism bụ isi dịka photosynthesis, iku ume, na nnabata na njem nri, yana metabolism nke abụọ dịka imepụta alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, na ọtụtụ ihe nchekwa dị iche iche. Ọnụego na ntụziaka nke metabolism osisi adịghị adị iche; gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ha nke ukwuu. Mgbanwe obere na ìhè, okpomọkụ, nnweta mmiri, ihe oriri, na ọbụna ọnọdụ biotic dị ka pests na microorganisms nwere ike ịgbanwe mmepụta photosynthesis, ọnụego uto, na ọbụna àgwà nke ihe mejupụtara osisi na-emepụta. Ya mere, ịghọta mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na metabolism osisi dị oke mkpa na ọrụ ugbo, oke ọhịa, na nchekwa.
1. Ìhè dị ka isi ihe na-akpata metabolism
Ìhè bụ ihe na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emetụta metabolism ozugbo n'ihi na ọ bụ isi iyi ike maka photosynthesis. Ike ìhè na-ekpebi ọnụego mmepụta ATP na NADPH na mmeghachi omume ìhè, nke a na-eji eme ihe maka itinye CO₂ na okirikiri Calvin. Na obere ike ìhè, photosynthesis na-ebelata, na-ebute mbelata mmepụta shuga. Na ike ìhè dị elu, ọnụego photosynthesis na-abawanye ruo mgbe e ruru afọ ojuju ìhè; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mmụba ìhè anaghịzi eme ka photosynthesis dịkwuo mma n'ihi na ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka CO₂ ma ọ bụ ikike enzyme, na-aghọ ihe na-egbochi.
Ogo ọkụ (wavelength) na-arụkwa ọrụ. Chlorophyll na-amịkọrọ ìhè uhie na acha anụnụ anụnụ nke ọma karịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọkụ ahụ na-emetụta nhazi chlorophyll, oghere stomatal, na nhazi homonụ uto site na photoreceptors dị ka phytochromes na cryptochromes. Ka ọ dịgodị, oge ikpughe ìhè (photoperiod) na-emetụta okooko osisi na mgbanwe metabolic oge, dị ka mkpokọta carbohydrate na nkwadebe maka oge mmepụta.
Ọ bụrụ na ike ọkụ dị oke elu, osisi nwere ike ịnweta mgbochi foto, mbelata na arụmọrụ nke photosystem II n'ihi mmebi ma ọ bụ nrụgide oxidative. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a, osisi na-amụba usoro nchebe dịka ime ka ike gabiga ókè na-abụghị photochemical kwụsị na mmepụta antioxidant. Nke a pụtara na gburugburu ebe ọkụ anaghị ekpebi naanị ike ole a na-emepụta kamakwa ọ na-akpali metabolism nchekwa.
2. Okpomọkụ na mmetụta ya na mmeghachi omume enzymatic
Okpomọkụ na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmeghachi omume metabolic niile n'ihi na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-eme ka enzymes ndị nwere oke okpomọkụ kacha mma na-akpali. N'okpomọkụ dị ala, ọrụ enzyme na-ebelata, na-ebelata photosynthesis na iku ume. Akpụkpọ anụ sel na-aghọkwa obere mmiri mmiri, na-emebi njem metabolite na arụmọrụ photosynthesis. Osisi ndị dị na mpaghara oyi na-emekarị mgbanwe site n'ịbawanye nhazi nke abụba abụba na-enweghị afọ ojuju na akpụkpọ ahụ ha iji nọgide na-enwe mgbanwe.
N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu, mmeghachi omume metabolic na-abawanye na mbụ n'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ enzyme, mana gafere oke kachasị mma, enzymes nwere ike ịpụ apụ. Oke okpomọkụ na-emekwa ka ọsọ iku ume dịkwuo ngwa ngwa karịa photosynthesis. N'ihi ya, mmepụta zuru oke nke photosynthesis nwere ike ibelata n'ihi na a na-eji ọtụtụ shuga emepụta ihe maka iku ume. Ọnọdụ ọkụ na-akpalikarị ịmepụta protein ujo okpomọkụ na mmụba nke metabolism antioxidant iji gbochie mmebi radical efu.
Ọzọkwa, okpomọkụ na-emetụta iku ume foto, karịsịa na osisi C3. N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu, enzyme Rubisco na-ejikọ O₂ ugboro ugboro karịa CO₂, na-eme ka iku ume foto dịkwuo elu ma na-ebelata arụmọrụ itinye carbon. N'aka nke ọzọ, osisi C4 na CAM nwere usoro CO₂ nke na-eme ka ha na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na ọnọdụ akọrọ.
3. Mmiri dị, stomata, na nguzozi carbon
Mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbaze, ihe na-ebufe ihe, na ihe eji emepụta ihe maka fotosintesis. Enweghị mmiri (nrụgide oké ọkọchị) na-ebelata nrụgide turgor ma na-akpali mmechi stomatal iji belata uzuoku. Agbanyeghị, mmechi stomatal na-ebelata ntinye CO₂ n'ime akwụkwọ, si otú a na-ebelata fotosintesis. N'aka nke ọzọ, iku ume nwere ike ịga n'ihu, na-eme ka oke ojiji carbon dịkwuo elu ma na-ebelata uto.
Nrụgide nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-akpalikwa mkpokọta nke homonụ abscisic acid (ABA), nke na-achịkwa stomata na ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara iguzogide. N'ụzọ metabolic, osisi na-eme ka mmepụta nke osmolytes dị ka proline, sugar alcohols, na betaine dịkwuo elu iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi osmotic cell. Ụfọdụ osisi na-emepụta mmụba nke metabolites nke abụọ, dị ka phenolics na terpenoids, nke na-enyere aka belata mmebi oxidative ma melite nchebe.
N'aka nke ọzọ, oke mmiri ma ọ bụ oke mmiri na-ebelata ikuku oxygen n'ime ala. Mgbọrọgwụ na-enweta hypoxia ma ọ bụ ọbụna anoxia, na-egbochi iku ume aerobic. Osisi na-agbanwezi gaa na ịgbaze iji mepụta ike, ọ bụ ezie na nke a anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ọnọdụ a nwere ike ibute mkpokọta ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka ethanol ma ọ bụ lactic acid, na-eme ka uto mgbọrọgwụ ghara ịdị ike, ma na-egbochi nnabata nri.
4. CO₂ ikuku na mgbanwe ihu igwe
Ntinye CO₂ nke ikuku bụ ihe dị mkpa maka fotosintesis. Mmụba CO₂ na-eme ka ọnụego fotosintesis nke osisi C3 dịkwuo elu site na ibelata asọmpi dị n'etiti CO₂ na O₂ na Rubisco, si otú a na-egbochi fotosintesis. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmụba nke biomass na nchịkọta carbohydrate, karịsịa mgbe ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka nitrogen na mmiri zuru oke.
Agbanyeghị, nzaghachi a anaghị adị n'ahịrị mgbe niile. Ọ bụrụ na ihe oriri, ọkachasị nitrogen, pere mpe, osisi agaghị eji CO₂ ọzọ nke ọma n'ihi na a na-egbochi njikọ protein na chlorophyll. Ọzọkwa, mmụba nke CO₂ nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke anụ ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịbawanye oke carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N). Nke a na-emetụta àgwà nri nke ihe ọkụkụ na mmekọrịta ha na ndị na-akọ ahịhịa.
N'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, oke CO₂ na-emekarị na oke okpomọkụ na mgbanwe usoro mmiri ozuzo. Njikọta ihe ndị a na-eme ka mmeghachi omume metabolic nke osisi dị mgbagwoju anya. Osisi nwere ike iyi ka ha na-eto ngwa ngwa n'otu oge, mana ha na-adị mfe karị n'ọnọdụ nke ọzọ n'ihi okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide mmiri ozuzo.
5. Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ: nitrogen, phosphorus, na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ dị obere
Mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ dabere nke ukwuu na nri dị. Nitrogen dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke amino acid, protein, enzymes, na chlorophyll. Enweghị nitrogen na-akpata chlorosis (mkpụmkpụ nke akwụkwọ), mbelata fotosintesis, na mbelata uto. N'ụzọ metabolic, osisi na-atụgharị akụrụngwa gaa na sistemụ mgbọrọgwụ iji chụpụ nitrogen ma belata mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-etinye nitrogen n'ọrụ.
Phosphorus dị mkpa maka ATP, nucleic acids, na membranes cell. Enweghị phosphorus na-egbochi nnyefe ike ma na-ebelata arụmọrụ nke photosynthesis na iku ume. Potassium na-arụ ọrụ na osmoregulation na oghere stomatal; enweghị potassium nwere ike ime ka nrụgide ọkọchị ka njọ site na imebi njikwa stomatal.
Ihe ndị dị obere dịka magnesium (ihe dị mkpa na chlorophyll), iron (n'ime usoro njem eletrọn), manganese, zinc, na ọla kọpa dịkwa mkpa. Ọ bụ ezie na achọrọ ya na obere ego, enweghị ike imebi ụzọ metabolic dị mkpa ma mee ka nrụgide oxidative dịkwuo elu. Na mgbakwunye na enweghị ike, oke nke ụfọdụ ihe ma ọ bụ nnukwu nnu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Na⁺) na-egbu egbu, na-amanye osisi ịgbanwe metabolism ha iji mee ka ọ dị ọcha ma nọgide na-enwe nguzozi ion.
6. Nnu na nrụgide ionic
Gburugburu ebe nnu na-akpata ụdị nrụgide abụọ: nrụgide osmotic (mmiri na-enwe nsogbu ịbanye na mgbọrọgwụ) na nrụgide ionic (nchịkọta nke Na⁺ na Cl⁻ na-emebi mkpụrụ ndụ). Osisi ndị a na-enweta nnu na-ebelata ọsọ photosynthesis ha, na-eme ka iku ume na-aga nke ọma, ma na-eme ka usoro mgbapụta ion na nchekwa ion rụọ ọrụ na vacuole. Usoro ndị a chọrọ ike dị ukwuu, si otú a na-agbanwe nkesa carbon: a na-eji shuga karịa maka ndụ kama uto.
Iji mee ka nrụgide osmotic dị mma, osisi na-eme ka mmepụta nke osmolytes dị ka proline na ụfọdụ shuga dịkwuo elu. Ọzọkwa, enzymes antioxidant dị ka superoxide dismutase na catalase na-abawanyekarị iji lụso free radicals nke sitere na nrụgide nnu ọgụ.
7. Ihe ndị dị ndụ : ụmụ ahụhụ, nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, na njikọta ha
Gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emetụtakwa metabolism . Mgbe ndị na-akụ ahịhịa ma ọ bụ nje na-awakpo ha, osisi na-eme ka metabolism nchekwa dịkwuo mma site na ụzọ homonụ dịka jasmonate, salicylic acid, na ethylene. Nke a na-akpali mmepụta nke metabolites nke abụọ - dị ka alkaloids, tannins, na phytoalexins - nke nwere ike igbochi nje ma ọ bụ belata ihe ụtọ ụmụ ahụhụ. Mmepụta nke ihe nchekwa chọrọ ike na carbon, yabụ mgbanwe na-emekarị: uto na-ebelata ka nchekwa na-abawanye.
N'aka nke ọzọ, mmekọrịta symbiotic nwere ike ime ka metabolism osisi ka mma. Mycorrhizae na-enyere aka na phosphorus na mmiri, ebe nje bacteria na-edozi nitrogen dị na akwụkwọ nri na-eme ka nitrogen dị na ha dịkwuo elu. Site na nri ka mma, fotosynthesis nwere ike ịbawanye ma nkesa metabolic na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka uto na ịmụpụta.
Mmechi
Mmebi nke osisi bụ usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile na gburugburu ya. Ìhè na-ekpebi ike ọkọnọ maka photosynthesis, okpomọkụ na-achịkwa ọnụego mmeghachi omume enzymatic, mmiri na-emetụta stomata na nguzozi carbon, ebe CO₂, nri, nnu, na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-akpụzi mmeghachi omume metabolic dị mgbagwoju anya. N'omume, uto na mmepụta ihe sitere na mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ ihe, ọ bụghị otu ihe dị iche. Nghọta dị mma nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na metabolism osisi na-enyere ụmụ mmadụ aka ijikwa ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma - dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na njikwa mmiri mmiri, fatịlaịza, nhọrọ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-eguzogide nrụgide, na atụmatụ mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ụzọ dị otu a, anyị nwere ike hụ na mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide na nkwado nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọdịnihu.
