Mmetụta nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Mmebi nke Osisi
Mmebi nke osisi bụ nchikota nke usoro kemịkalụ na nke anụ ahụ niile nke na-eme ka osisi too, too, ma dị ndụ. Ọ gụnyere fotosintesis, iku ume, nnabata nri na njem, mmepụta homonụ, nhazi nke ihe nchekwa, na ọbụna usoro ọgwụgwọ mgbe osisi na-enwe mmebi. Mmebi nke a anaghị eme n'ime oghere. Osisi bi na gburugburu ebe jupụtara na mmekọrịta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ - ma bara uru ma na-emerụ ahụ. A na-akpọ ihe ndị a dị ndụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka nje ala, ero ndị na-akpata ọrịa, ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịa, ahịhịa, na ọbụna anụmanụ na-eri osisi na mmadụ site na ọrụ ugbo. Mmekọrịta ya na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ntụziaka nke metabolism osisi, ma site n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ, ịkpalite nrụgide, ma ọ bụ ịtụgharị akụrụngwa gaa na nchekwa. Isiokwu a na-atụle otu ihe ndị dị ndụ si emetụta metabolism osisi site na usoro dị iche iche.
1. Ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụdị mmekọrịta ha na osisi
Enwere ike ịchịkọta ihe ndị na-emetụta osisi dịka ụdị mmekọrịta ha si dị. Nke mbụ, enwere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-erite uru. Ihe atụ gụnyere mycorrhizae (ero ndị na-etolite mmekọrịta symbiotic na mgbọrọgwụ) na nje bacteria na-edozi nitrogen dị ka Rhizobium na legumes. Nke abụọ, enwere mmekọrịta commensalism, ebe otu akụkụ na-erite uru ebe nke ọzọ anaghị emerụ ahụ nke ukwuu, dị ka ụfọdụ nje epiphytic bi n'elu akwụkwọ. Nke atọ, enwere parasitism na pathogenicity, ebe ihe ndị dị ndụ na-erite uru site na imebi osisi ahụ, dị ka fungi na-akpata ọrịa, nje virus, nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa, na nematodes. Nke anọ, enwere ahịhịa ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa, mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na-eri akụkụ osisi. Nke ise, enwere asọmpi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ na-asọmpi na ahịhịa maka mmiri, ìhè, na ihe oriri.
Mmekọrịta ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkpalite mgbanwe dị iche iche nke metabolism. Osisi na-agbanwe usoro ike na ihe ndị sitere na metabolic iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi n'etiti uto na nchebe.
2. Mmetụta nke nje bacteria bara uru na metabolism
a. Mycorrhiza na mmụba arụmọrụ nri
Mycorrhizae na-eme ka ebe mgbọrọgwụ na-amịkọrọ mmiri dịkwuo elu site na netwọk nke hyphae fungal nke na-abanye n'ime ala karịa ntutu mgbọrọgwụ. N'ihi ya, a na-eme ka nnabata nke phosphorus, nitrogen, na micronutrients dịkwuo mma. N'ụzọ metabolic, mmụba nke phosphorus dị na ya na-eme ka mmepụta nke ATP dị ngwa, ihe mejupụtara ike dị elu dị mkpa maka biosynthesis. Phosphorus na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmepụta nke nucleic acids na phospholipids, si otú a na-emetụta nkewa sel, nhazi akpụkpọ ahụ, na uto mgbọrọgwụ na ome.
Ọzọkwa, mycorrhizae nwere ike ime ka mmepụta chlorophyll dịkwuo mma site n'ime ka ọnọdụ nri osisi ka mma, si otú a na-eme ka ọnụego fotosintesis dịkwuo elu. A na-ekepụta ngwaahịa nke photosynthesis (shuga) n'ime fungi symbiotic, mana ụgwọ ọrụ na-adịkarị ukwuu n'ihi na osisi ahụ na-enweta nri na mmiri ka mma. Nke a na-egosi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike ịgbanwe metabolism iji mụbaa mmepụta.
b. Bakteria na-edozi nitrogen na metabolism amino acid
N'ime akwụkwọ nri, nje bacteria Rhizobium na-etolite mgbọrọgwụ ma na-agbanwe nitrogen ikuku (N₂) ka ọ bụrụ ammonia (NH₃), nke osisi nwere ike iji. Nitrogen bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ịmepụta amino acid, protein, enzymes, na chlorophyll. Mgbe nitrogen na-amụba, osisi nwere ike ịbawanye mmepụta nke enzymes photosynthetic dị ka Rubisco, si otú a na-eme ka ikike itinye CO₂ dịkwuo mma. N'ihi ya, mmepụta carbohydrate na-abawanye, na-enye ihe maka imepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ, ihe ndị e debere, na metabolites nke abụọ.
Agbanyeghị, nhazi nodule chọkwara ike dị ukwuu n'ihi na usoro ntinye nitrogen chọrọ nnukwu ATP. Osisi ahụ ga-ekenye carbohydrates iji kwado ọrụ nje bacteria. Ya mere, n'ụzọ metabolic, "itinye ego" ike na-eme nke a na-akwụghachi site na mmụba nke nnweta nitrogen.
c. PGPR na homonụ uto
Rhizobacteria nke na-akwalite uto osisi (PGPR) nwere ike ịkpalite uto site na mmepụta nke homonụ dị ka auxins na gibberellins, ma ọ bụ site na ịbawanye nnweta phosphate. Homonụ ndị a na-agbanwe ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-achịkwa nkewa na ogologo ndụ sel, si otú a na-eme ka metabolism nke nhazi mgbidi sel, protein nhazi, na enzymes dịkwuo elu. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, PGPR na-akpalikwa iguzogide sistemu (ISR), nke na-akwadebe osisi iji chee nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa ihu n'emebighị uto nke ukwuu.
3. Ọrịa nje na mgbanwe metabolic gaa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa
Mgbe nje na-awakpo osisi, ọ bụghị naanị mmebi anụ ahụ kamakwa mgbanwe dị ukwuu na usoro metabolic. Osisi nwere sistemu ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke nwere ike ịmata molekul ndị metụtara nje (PAMPs) ma kpalite mmeghachi omume nchebe.
a. Mmepụta ROS na mgbanwe na iku ume
Otu n'ime ihe mbụ na-eme bụ mgbawa oxidative, nke gụnyere mmụba nke mmepụta nke ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS), dị ka H₂O₂. ROS nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu nje ma na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ihe mgbaàmà iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nchebe rụọ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, ROS nwekwara ike imebi mkpụrụ ndụ nke osisi ahụ, na-achọ ka osisi ahụ mụbaa ọrụ nke enzymes antioxidant dị ka catalase, peroxidase, na superoxide dismutase. Ọrụ antioxidant a na-agbanwe ojiji nke ike na akụrụngwa metabolic.
Ọzọkwa, ọrịa na-emekarị ka iku ume dịkwuo elu n'ihi na osisi chọrọ ATP maka mmepụta protein nchekwa, ndozi anụ ahụ, na mmepụta metabolite nke abụọ. N'ọnọdụ siri ike, nje nwere ike imebi photosynthesis - dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na imebi chloroplast ma ọ bụ mechie stomata - nke na-ebute nguzozi ike na-adịghị mma na osisi ahụ.
b. Njikọ nke metabolites nke abụọ
Osisi na-emepụta ihe ndị na-echebe onwe ha dịka phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, na phytoalexins. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ phenylpropanoid na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji mepụta lignin (ihe na-eme ka mgbidi sel sie ike) na ihe ndị na-egbu nje. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ụzọ a chọrọ ihe ndị ga-ebute ụzọ site na metabolism mbụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, phenylalanine), si otú a na-ebugharị ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe site na uto gaa na nchekwa.
c. Homonụ nrụgide: salicylic acid, jasmonic acid na ethylene
Ọrịa na ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na-akpali njikọ nke ụzọ mgbama homonụ. A na-ejikọkarị salicylic acid na nchekwa megide nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa biotrophic, ebe jasmonates na ethylene na-apụta ìhè karịa na nzaghachi nye ndị na-akpata ọrịa herbivores na nje necrotrophic. Homonụ ndị a na-achịkwa ngosipụta nke ọtụtụ puku mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere ndị na-akọwapụta protein ndị metụtara pathogenesis (PR), enzymes ndị na-emepụta metabolites nke abụọ, na ndị na-achịkwa stomatal. N'ihi ya, metabolism osisi na-eme mgbanwe dị ukwuu.
4. Ndị na-akọ ahịhịa na mmetụta ha na fotosintesis na nkesa carbon
Mwakpo ụmụ ahụhụ na-enye akwụkwọ na-akpata ọnwụ nke anụ ahụ photosynthesis. Osisi nwere ike ịkwụghachi ụgwọ site n'ịbawanye photosynthesis na akwụkwọ ndị fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ ịchịkọta ihe nchekwa carbohydrate site na ogwe na mgbọrọgwụ. Agbanyeghị, nkwụghachi a nwere oke ya. Ọ bụrụ na mmebi ahụ dị oke njọ, mmepụta shuga na-ebelata, na-ebelata uto.
Tinyere mmebi anụ ahụ, afụ ọnụ ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ihe ndị na-akpali mmeghachi omume nchebe, nke na-akwalite mmepụta nke ihe mgbochi protease, ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe iji dọta ndị iro eke. Usoro ndị a niile chọrọ ATP na ihe ndị na-ebute carbon, na-agbanwe nkesa carbon site na nhazi biomass gaa na nchekwa kemịkal.
5. Asọmpi na ahịhịa: mgbanwe na atụmatụ metabolic
Ahịhịa na-asọ mpi na osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ maka ihe oriri, mmiri, na ìhè. Asọmpi ọkụ na-akpalikarị mmeghachi omume "izere onyinyo" n'ime osisi, nke gụnyere ịgbatị ogwe osisi na mgbanwe n'akụkụ akwụkwọ. A na-achịkwa mmeghachi omume a site na phytochromes ma na-agụnye mmụba nke homonụ dị ka auxins na gibberellins. Mmega ahụ na-aghọkwu ihe na-elekwasị anya na ịgbatị ogologo, mgbe mgbe na-efu mbelata itinye ego na mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ iguzogide. Ọ bụrụ na nri ndị ahụ ejedebe site na iji ahịhịa eme ihe, njikọ nke chlorophyll, protein photosynthetic, na enzymes ga-ebelata, na-eduga na mbelata photosynthesis na mmepụta biomass.
6. Mmetụta nke mmekọrịta biotic na mmepụta ihe ubi na ịdị mma ya
Mgbanwe metabolism nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-akpata na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị uto kamakwa mma nke ihe ọkụkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba na ụfọdụ metabolites nke abụọ nwere ike ime ka ọdịnaya antioxidant nke mkpụrụ osisi dịkwuo elu, mana ọ nwekwara ike itinye aka na ilu na akwụkwọ nri. Ọrịa nje nwere ike ibelata ọdịnaya shuga ma ọ bụ mebie anụ ahụ nchekwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, mycorrhizal symbiosis nwere ike ime ka ịnweta mineral dịkwuo elu ma melite mma nri.
N'ọrụ ugbo, nghọta nke mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na metabolism nwere ike iji maka atụmatụ njikwa agbakwunyere: iji ọgwụ mgbochi mycorrhizal ma ọ bụ PGPR, ntụgharị ihe ubi iji gbochie nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, njikwa ahịhịa, na njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ na-adịghị ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche bụ iduzi metabolism osisi gaa n'ọganihu na-arụpụta ihe n'emebighị ikike nchekwa.
Mmechi
Ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na metabolism osisi n'ihi na mmekọrịta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ nwere ike ịgbanwe oriri nri, ọnụego fotosynthesis na iku ume, nguzozi homonụ, na nkesa akụrụngwa n'etiti uto na nchekwa. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru dị ka mycorrhizae na nje bacteria na-edozi nitrogen na-emekarị ka arụmọrụ metabolic na mmepụta dịkwuo mma, ebe nje, ahịhịa, na asọmpi ahịhịa na-akpali nrụgide ma na-atụgharị ike gaa n'ihe nchebe. Site n'ịghọta usoro ndị a, anyị nwere ike ịmepụta usoro ịkọ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji nọgide na-enwe ahụike osisi, mụbaa mkpụrụ, ma melite mma mmepụta na-aga n'ihu.
